The Axial Skeleton Flashcards
(186 cards)
1
Q
What is #10?
A
Coronal suture
2
Q
Name #1
A
Parietal bone
3
Q
Name #2 and the suture line that borders its superior aspect.
A
Temporal bone; squamous suture
4
Q
Name #3 and #4
A
Lambdoid suture; occipital bone
5
Q
Name #5 and #6 as well as the suture line that borders their posterior aspect (separates the temporal bone from the occipital bone)
A
External acoustic meatus; mastoid process; occipitomastoid suture
6
Q
Name #7, #8, and #9
A
Mandibular ramus; mental foramen; mandible
7
Q
Name #11, #12, and #13
A
Frontal bone; sphenoid bone; ethmoid bone
8
Q
Name #14, #15, and #16
A
Lacrimal bone; nasal bone; zygomatic bone
9
Q
Name #17 and #18
A
Maxilla; zygomatic process
10
Q
Name C.
A
Glabella
11
Q
Name E, F, and G
A
Sphenoid bone; ethmoid bone, lacrimal bone
12
Q
Name R, Q, and the site below R and Q that is unlabeled.
A
Supraorbital margin; supraorbital foramen; superior orbital fissure
13
Q
Name P, O, and N.
A
Perpendicular plate; vomer; inferior nasal concha
14
Q
What are the two aspects of the ethmoid bone?
A
Middle nasal concha and perpendicular plate
15
Q
The cranium is divided into what two regions?
A
The cranial vault (calvaria) and the cranial base (floor)
16
Q
Prominent bony ridges divide the cranial base into three distinct “steps”, or ________.
A
Fossae (anterior, middle, and posterior cranial fossae)
17
Q
How many named openings are included in the cranium? What are a few examples of what they are called?
A
85 named openings; foramina, canals, fissures
18
Q
How many bones are in the cranium?
A
8 bones
19
Q
Which bone forms the anterior cranium and connects posteriorly with the paired parietal bones via the coronal suture?
A
Frontal bone
20
Q
What is the most anterior part of the frontal bone called? What prominent feature does this include?
A
The vertical squamous part, which includes the forehead
21
Q
What bone extends posteriorly to form the superior wall of the orbits and most of the anterior cranial fossa?
A
The frontal bone of the cranium
22
Q
The forehead portion of the frontal bone ends at the __________ __________.
A
Supraorbital margins
23
Q
What is the smooth portion of the frontal bone, located medially to the orbits, called?
A
Glabella
24
Q
What lies lateral to the glabella?
A
The frontal sinuses
25
The frontal bone meets the nasal bone just inferior to the ______, at the ________ ________.
Glabella; frontonasal suture
26
What are the curved, rectangular bones that form most of the superior and lateral aspects of the skull and the bulk of the cranial vault?
The parietal bones
27
The parietal bone meets the frontal bone at what suture?
Coronal
28
The parietal bones meet each other at what suture? Where is this suture located?
The sagittal suture at the cranial midline
29
The parietal bones meet the occipital bone at what suture?
Lambdoid
30
The parietal and temporal bones meet at what lateral sutures?
Squamous
31
Which bone forms most of the skull’s posterior wall and base?
Occipital bone
32
The occipital bone articulates anteriorly with what two paired bones?
Parietal and temporal
33
What bones does the basilar part of the occipital bone join with?
The sphenoid bone
34
The occipital bones forms the walls of the __________ cranial fossa, which supports the _______ of the brain.
Posterior; cerebellum
35
What is the foramen magnum?
The hole through which the inferior part of the brain connects with the spinal cord.
36
What structures flank the foramen magnum and articulate with the first vertebra of the spinal column? What motion does this permit?
Occipital condyles; nodding of the head
37
What canal is situated medially and superiorly to each occipital condyle? What passes through them?
Hypoglossal canal; a cranial nerve
38
What protrusion is just superior to the foramen magnum and is the topmost ridge of the occipital bone?
External occipital protuberance
39
What ridges, other than the external occipital protuberance, mark the occipital bone near the foramen magnum?
Superior and inferior nuchal lines and the external occipital crest
40
What ligament anchors to the external occipital protuberance? What does it connect?
Ligamentum nuchae; connects the vertebrae of the neck to the skull
41
What is the function of the nuchal lines?
They anchor neck and back muscles to the occipital bone.
42
What bones lie inferior to the parietal bones and meet them at the squamous sutures?
Temporal
43
The temporal bones form the _____________ aspects of the skull and parts of the _______ _____.
Inferolateral; cranial base
44
What are the three major parts of the temporal bones?
Squamous part, tympanic part, and petrous part
45
The squamous part of the temporal bones includes what important structures?
The zygomatic process and the mandibular fossa
46
The mandibular fossa is ________ to the zygomatic process and receives the ________ process of the ________, forming the _______________ joint.
Inferior; condylar; mandible; temporomandibular
47
The tympanic part of the temporal bones surround the ________ ________ ________.
External acoustic meatus
48
The petrous part of the temporal bone houses what sensory cavities?
The middle and internal ear cavities
49
The petrous part of the temporal bone extends from the ________ bone posteriorly to the ________ bone anteriorly.
Occipital; sphenoid
50
The petrous part of the temporal bone composes the _______ ________ fossa, which supports the _______ lobes of the brain.
Middle cranial; temporal
51
What foramen lies at the junction of the occipital and petrous temporal bones? What does it transmit?
Jugular foramen; the jugular vein and three cranial nerves
52
What canal is anterior to the jugular foramen? What is its function?
The carotid canal; transmits the carotid artery, which supplies blood to over 80% of the cerebral hemispheres of the brain
53
What canal is responsible for the ability to “hear” our pulse in our head?
The carotid canal, close to the internal ear
54
What jagged opening, seen in dried skulls between the petrous temporal bone and the sphenoid bone, is completely closed by cartilage in living persons?
Foramen lacerum
55
What is superolateral to the jugular foramen and transmits cranial nerves VII and VIII?
The internal acoustic meatus
56
What foramen is found between the styloid and mastoid processes of the temporal bone, allowing cranial nerve VII to leave the skull.
Stylomastoid foramen
57
What process of the temporal bone lies just posterior to the ear and is an anchoring site for neck muscles?
Mastoid process
58
What numerous openings make the mastoid process susceptible to infection? Why?
The mastoid air cells; their proximity to the inner ear
59
What is an attachment point for several tongue and neck muscles, as well as for a ligament that secures the hyoid bone?
The styloid process
60
What is the bat-shaped bone that spans the width of the middle cranial fossa?
Sphenoid
61
What bone is considered the keystone of the cranium? Why?
The sphenoid; because it articulates with every other bone in the cranium and ties them together
62
The sphenoid bone consists of a ______ ______ and three pairs of ___________.
Central body; processes
63
What is the saddle-shaped prominence of the sphenoid central body called?
The sella turcica
64
The seat of the sella turcica forms the ___________ ______, which houses the ________ _______.
Hypophyseal fossa; pituitary gland
65
What structures project laterally from the sphenoid body and form parts of the middle cranial fossa? What other structures do they contribute to?
The greater wings of the sphenoid; also form the posterior wall of the orbits and the external wall of the skull, medial to the zygomatic arch
66
What do the lesser wings of the sphenoid form?
The anterior cranial fossa and part of the medial orbital walls
67
What processes project inferiorly from the junction of the sphenoid body and greater wings? What do they anchor?
Pterygoid processes; anchor pterygoid muscles, used for chewing
68
What canals are present anterior to the sella turcica and allow the optic nerves to pass to the eyes?
Optic canals
69
Lateral to the central body of the sphenoid lie four openings:
Superior orbital fissure, foramen rotundum, foramen ovale, and foramen spinosum
70
What bone lies between the sphenoid bone and the nasal bones of the face and is the most deeply situated bone of the skull?
The ethmoid bone
71
What two plates is the superior surface of the ethmoid bone formed by?
Cribriform plates
72
What do the cribriform plates help to form?
The roof of the nasal cavity and the floor of the anterior cranial fossa
73
What tiny holes throughout the cribriform plate allow filaments of the olfactory system to pass through? Where do the olfactory filaments originate?
Cribriform foramina; small receptors in the nasal cavity
74
What is the triangular process that projects superiorly between the cribriform plates called?
Crista galli
75
What is the function of the crista galli?
Attaches to the dura mater, helping to secure the brain in the cranial cavity
76
The __________ ________ of the ethmoid bone projects inferiorly in the median plane and forms the superior part of the nasal _________.
Perpendicular plate; septum
77
What structures flank the perpendicular plate on either side and are riddled with sinuses? What are the sinuses called?
Lateral mass; ethmoidal air cells
78
What structures extend medially from the lateral masses of the ethmoid bone and protrude into the nasal cavity?
Middle nasal conchae
79
What are the lateral surfaces of the lateral masses of the ethmoid bone? What do they help construct?
Orbital plates; medial walls of the orbits
80
What are sutural bones?
Tiny, irregularly shaped bones or bone clusters found at the border of sutures (most often the Lambdoid suture)
81
Which two facial bones are unpaired?
Vomer and mandible
82
How many facial bones are there?
14
83
What are the two mandibular processes and how are they situated? What attaches to them?
The coronoid process (anterior), attaches to the temporalis muscle; the condylar process (posterior) articulates the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone
84
What pair of foramina permit nerves responsible for tooth sensation to pass to the teeth in the lower jaw?
Mandibular foramina
85
What are the openings found on the lateral aspects of the mandibular body called? What is their function?
Mental foramina; allow nerves and blood vessels to pass to the skin of the chin and lower lip
86
What is the point of mandibular fusion called?
Mandibular symphysis
87
The superior border of the mandible, containing sockets for the teeth.
Alveolar processes
88
What bones fuse medially just inferior to the nose and form the upper jaw and central portion of the facial skeleton?
Maxillary bones
89
What bones are considered the keystone for the facial structure?
Maxillae
90
What is the point of fusion of the two maxillae?
Anterior nasal spine
91
The ________ _______ project posteriorly from the alveolar processes and fuse medially, forming the anterior 2/3 of the hard palate. This is part of what pair of bones?
Palatine processes; the maxillae
92
The midline foramen found on the roof of the mouth is called what? It leads into what canal?
Incisive fossa; incisive canal
93
What processes of the maxillae extend superiorly to the frontal bone, forming part of the lateral aspects of the nose?
The frontal processes
94
The regions of the frontal processes that flank the nasal cavity contain the largest ______ ______.
Paranasal sinuses
95
The _______ _______ extend from the roots of the teeth to the orbits.
Frontal processes of the maxillae
96
What fissures are found deep within the orbits, at the junction of the maxilla and the greater wing of the sphenoid? What passes through these fissures?
Inferior orbital fissures; zygomatic nerve, maxillary nerve, and blood vessels
97
The __________ ________ is found just inferior to the eye socket on each side, allowing the ____________ nerve and artery to reach the face.
Infraorbital foramen; infraorbital
98
What bones articulate posteriorly with specific processes of the temporal bones, superiorly with specific processes of the frontal bone, and anteriorly with specific processes of the maxillae? What facial structures do they form?
Zygomatic bones; cheekbones
99
The zygomatic bones articulate ____________ posteriorly with the temporal bones, _____________ with the frontal bone, and __________ with the maxillae.
Posteriorly; superiorly; anteriorly
100
The _______ ______ form the bridge of the nose. What do they articulate with?
Nasal bones; articulate superiorly with the frontal bone, laterally with the maxillae, and posteriorly with the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid
101
What houses the sac that allows tears to drain from the eye surface and into the nasal cavity?
Lacrimal fossa
102
What are the L-shaped facial bones composed of horizontal and perpendicular plates?
Palatine bones
103
The ________ _______ of the ______ ______ are joined at the median ________ suture and complete the posterior portion of the hard palate.
Horizontal plates; palatine bones; palatine
104
The ________ ________ of the _______ _______ form part of the posterolateral wall of the nasal cavity and a small part of the orbits.
Perpendicular plates; palatine bones
105
Plow-shaped and slender, forming part of the nasal septum.
Vomer
106
Thin and curved, they project medially from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity. The largest bones of their kind.
Inferior nasal conchae
107
What is the only bone in the body that does not articulate with other bones?
Hyoid bone
108
What is the hyoid bone anchored with and to what?
By the stylohyoid ligaments to the styloid process of the temporal bones
109
What are the horns of the hyoid bone called?
Cornua
110
What seven bones are found in the orbital walls?
Frontal, sphenoid, zygomatic, maxillae, palatine, lacrimal, and ethmoid
111
The roof of the nasal cavity is formed by the ___________ _______ of the ________ bone.
Cribriform plates; ethmoid
112
The lateral walls of the nasal cavity are formed by what three bones?
The superior, middle, and inferior nasal conchae and the perpendicular plates of the palatine bones
113
The nasal septum is formed inferiorly by the _______, superiorly by the _________ ________, and anteriorly by __________ cartilage.
Vomer; perpendicular plate; septal (hyaline)
114
The floor for the nasal passage is formed by the ________ _______ of the maxillae and the _________ _______.
Palatine processes; palatine bones
115
What is the function of the nasal conchae?
They increase the turbulence of air flowing through the nasal cavity, encouraging the trapping of particles in the mucus of the mucosa
116
Paranasal sinuses are found in which bones?
Frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary.
117
How many bones are in the vertebral column of an infant? How many are in an adult’s vertebral column?
33; 26
118
What two regions of the vertebral column are concave?
Cervical, lumbar
119
What two regions of the vertebral column are convex?
Thoracic, sacral
120
What run as continuous bands down the front and back of the vertebrae from the neck to the sacrum?
Anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments
121
Which ligament attaches strongly to the vertebrae and the discs, preventing hyperextension?
Anterior ligament
122
Which ligament resists hyperflexion but is narrow, relatively weak, and attaches only to discs?
Posterior ligament
123
What ligament connects adjacent vertebrae and is made of elastic connective tissue?
Ligamentum flavum
124
What is the inner part of the intervertebral discs called?
Nucleus pulposus
125
What is the outer part of the intervertebral disc called and what does it consist of?
Anulus fibrosus; consists of collagen fibers surrounding fibrocartilage
126
What is the function of the anulus fibrosus?
It limits the expansion of the nucleus pulposus during compression.
127
Which region of the vertebrae bears weight?
The centrum (body)
128
What is the composite structure of a vertebrae, formed by two pedicles and two laminae?
Vertebral arch
129
_________ project posteriorly from the vertebral body, forming the sides of the arch.
Pedicles
130
_________ are flattened plates that fuse in the median plane and complete the vertebral arch posteriorly.
Laminae
131
The _________ ________ is a median posterior projection arising at the junction of the two laminae that acts as an attachment site for muscles and ligaments.
Spinous process
132
The _________ _______ extend laterally from each side of the vertebral arch and act as attachment sites for muscles and ligaments.
Transverse processes
133
What processes protrude from the pedicle-lamina junctions and allow the vertebrae to articulate with each other?
Superior and inferior articulate processes
134
Cervical vertebrae have an _____ body and are ______ from side to side than in the anteroposterior dimension.
Oval; wider
135
Which cervical vertebrae (aside from the atlas) does NOT have a bifid spinous process?
C7
136
Each cervical _________ ______ contains a _________ foramen that allows vertebral arteries to service the brain.
Transverse process; transverse
137
What is C7’s nickname? Why?
Vertebra prominens; its spinous process is palpable
138
The ______ is the first cervical vertebrae. What two structures is it missing that other vertebrae have?
Atlas; body and spinous process
139
C1, the ______, is a ring of bone consisting of anterior and posterior ______ and a ______ _____ on each side.
Atlas; arches; lateral mass
140
What features of the atlas receive the occipital condyles of the skull? What motion does this allow?
The superior articulate facets of the lateral masses; nodding of the head
141
What do the inferior articulate facets of the atlas articulate with?
The axis (C2)
142
The ______ is a knoblike projection of the axis that is the actually the fused lost body of the ______.
Dens; atlas
143
What does the pivot of the atlas around the dens allow you to do?
Shake your head no
144
How many thoracic vertebrae are there?
12
145
Thoracic vertebrae bodies bear two small ___________, one of the superior edge and one on the inferior edge. These receive the _______ of the ______.
Demifacets; heads; ribs
146
The superior and inferior _________ ______ receive the heads of the ribs.
Costal facets
147
Which thoracic vertebrae have only a single facet to receive the ribs?
T10 - T12
148
The spinous process of the thoracic vertebrae is ______ and points ____________.
Long; downward
149
All but the two most inferior thoracic vertebrae have _______ _______ ________ that articulate with the _______ of the ribs.
Transverse costal facets; tubercles
150
What limits flexion and extension of the thoracic vertebrae but allows rotation?
The superior and inferior articulate facets being situated mainly in the frontal plane rather than on the sides
151
Describe lumbar spinous processes.
Short, flat, and hatchet-shaped. Project straight backward for the attachment of large back muscles.
152
How many lumbar vertebrae are there?
5
153
The _______ shapes the posterior wall of the pelvis and is formed by _______ ______ vertebrae.
Sacrum; five fused
154
The sacrum articulates with the hips laterally via its _________ ________, forming the __________ ________.
Auricular surfaces; sacroiliac joints
155
What is the anterosuperior margin of the first sacral vertebrae, which bulges into the pelvic cavity anteriorly, called?
The sacral promontory
156
The center of gravity lies about 1cm posterior to the ________ ___________.
Sacral promontory
157
Four ridges that cross the concave anterior aspect of the sacrum.
Transverse ridges
158
These four ridges mark the lines of sacral vertebral fusion.
Transverse ridges
159
The foramen of the sacrum are called?
Anterior and posterior sacral foramina
160
These winglike projections lie lateral to the anterior sacral foramina.
Alae
161
The fused spinous processes of the posterior sacral midline.
Medan sacral crest
162
Transmit the posterior rami of of the sacral spine nerves.
Posterior sacral foramina
163
Remnants of the transverse processes of sacral vertebrae.
Lateral sacral crests
164
Opening at the inferior end of the sacrum caused by the failure of the fifth sacral vertebrae to fuse medially.
Sacral hiatus
165
The sternum is composed of the fusion of what three bones?
The manubrium, the body, and the xiphoid process
166
What portion of the sternum is composed of hyaline cartilage prior to ossification around the age of 40?
The xiphoid process
167
The sternal body articulates with the _______ ________ of the _____ to ______ ribs.
Costal cartilages; 2nd; 7th
168
The ________ articulates via its _______ ______ with the clavicles.
Manubrium; clavicular notches
169
The central indentation in the superior border of the manubrium.
Jugular (suprasternal) notch
170
The jugular notch is usually in line with which thoracic vertebrae?
The 2nd and 3rd.
171
A horizontal ridge across the sternum, where the manubrium meets the sternal body.
Sternal angle
172
What allows the sternal body to swing anteriorly when we inhale?
The sternal angle
173
What thoracic vertebrae are usually in line with the sternal angle? What pair of ribs?
The 4th and 5th at the level of the second pair of ribs
174
The point where the sternal body and xiphoid process fuse.
Xiphisternal joint
175
The heart lies deep to what aspect of the sternum?
The xiphisternal joint
176
The xiphisternal joint lies at the level of the _________ thoracic vertebrae.
Ninth
177
The superior 7 ribs are attached ________ to the sternum and are called _______________ _____.
Directly; vertebrosternal (true) ribs
178
How do the five most inferior ribs attach to the sternum?
Either indirectly by joining the costal cartilage immediately above them OR they do not have any sternal attachment
179
Ribs 8 through 10 attach to the sternum _______ by joining the _______ ________ immediately ________.
Indirectly; costal cartilage; above
180
Ribs 11 and 12 are _____________ _____, or _______ ______, because they have no anterior attachments.
Vertebral ribs; floating ribs
181
Ribs increase in length from pair _____ to pair _____, then decrease in length from pair ______ to pair _____.
1; 7; 8; 12
182
The posterior head of a rib articulates with the vertebral ______ by two ______.
Body; facets
183
The ________ articulates with the _______ _______ of the transverse process of the same-numbered thoracic vertebrae.
Tubercle; costal facet
184
Which four ribs articulate with only one vertebral body?
Ribs 1, 10, 11, and 12
185
Which two ribs do not articulate with a vertebral transverse process?
11 and 12
186
The head of the rib articulates with which two facets?
The superior costal facet of the same-numbered vertebral body and the inferior costal facet of the vertebral body immediately superior to it.
