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HAO 561: QUIZ 2 > The Back and Spinal Cord > Flashcards

The Back and Spinal Cord Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

Functions of Vertebral Column

A
  • Supports weight of the body superior to the pelvis
  • Provides a partly rigid and flexible axis for the body and a pivot for the head
  • Significant role in posture and locomotion
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2
Q

Five regions of vertebral column

A 
7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral (fused)
4 coccygeal (fused)
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3
Q

Kyphoses

A

concave anteriorly

Thoracic and Sacral

Primary Curvatures- develop during fetal period

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4
Q

Lordoses

A

concave posteriorly

Cervical and Lumbar

Secondary Curvatures- begin during fetal period but not obvious till infancy

Cervical Curvature- seen when infant begins to hold head erect

Lumbar Curvature
Seen when infant begins to walk or assume upright posture

Ends at the lumbosacral angle- junction of lumbar region and sacrum

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5
Q

secondary curvature

A

begin during fetal period but not obvious till infancy

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6
Q

cervical curvature

A

seen when infant begins to hold head erect

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7
Q

lumbar curvature

A

Seen when infant begins to walk or assume upright posture

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8
Q

excess thoracic kyphosis

A

‘humpback’

From erosion of anterior part of 1+ vert.

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9
Q

excess lumbar lordosis

A

‘hollow back’

Anterior rotation of the pelvis

Associated with weakened trunk muscles

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10
Q

scoliosis

A

crooked or curved back

Abnormal lateral curvature w/ vert. rotation

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11
Q

causes of scoliosis

A

Asymmetric weakness of intrinsic back muscles

Hemivertebra- failure of ½ vertebrae to develop

Difference in length of lower limbs

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12
Q

zygapophysial joints

A

synovial joints of C1-S1 (1st 25 vertebrae) that facilitate and control flexibility

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13
Q

vertebral bodies

A

¾ height of column

Provides strength and supports body weight

Size increases inferiorly

Covered with hyaline cartilage

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14
Q

intervertebral discs

A

1/4 height

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15
Q

vertebral arch

A

Posterior to vertebral body

R. and L. pedicles and laminae

Form vertebral foramen with post. body

Form vertebral canal (spinal cord, meninges)

Vertebral notches- form IV foramina-passages for spinal nerve roots

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16
Q

seven spinal processes

A

Spinous Process (1)

transverse processes (2)

articular processes (4)

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17
Q

spinous process

A

projects post. and inf.
Overlaps inferior vertebrae

Muscle attachment
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18
Q

transverse processes

A

Posterolaterally from pedicle/laminae junction

Muscle attachment

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19
Q

articular processes

A

superior and 2 inferior

From pedicle/laminae junction

For facet joints- restrict movement

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20
Q

C1- Atlas

A

No spinous process or body

2 lateral masses connected by ant. and post. arches

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21
Q

C2- Axis

A

Strongest cervical vertebrae

Dens- superior projection from body, pivot

Articulates ant. with ant. arch of atlas and post. with transverse ligament of atlas

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22
Q

C3-C7

A

Body- smaller and wider side-side than anteroposteriorly

Vertebral foramen- large and triangular

Transverse processes- small or absent in C7

Articular processes- 
• superior facets superoposteriorly
• Inferior facets inferoanteriorly
• Spinous Process- 
     C3-C5- short and bifid
     C6- long
     C7- Longer- aka Vertebra Prominens
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23
Q

Body of thoracic Vertebrae

A

heart shaped

1 or 2 facets for articulation with rib head

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24
Q

Vertebral foramen of thoracic vertebrae

A

Circular and smaller than cervical & lumbar

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25
Transverse Processes of thoracic vertebrae
Long and strong Posterolateral projection Length diminishes inferiorly
26
Articular Processes of thoracic vertebrae
Superior facets project posteriorly and slightly lateral | Inferior facets project anteriorly and slightly medial
27
Spinous Process of thoracic vertebrae
Long with postero-inferior slope
28
body of lumbar vertebrae
Massive, kidney shaped
29
vertebral foramen of lumbar vertebrae
Triangular, >thoracic,
30
transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae
Long, slender, | Accessory process on post. of base of process
31
articular processes of lumbar vertebrae
Superior Facets- posteromedially Inferior Facets- anterolaterally Mamillary Process
32
spinous process of lumbar vertebrae
Short, sturdy | Hatchet shaped
33
sacrum
Large, wedge shaped, fused Pelvic surface- smooth & concave Posterior surface- rough & convex Median sacral crest- fused spinous processes Intermediate sacral crests- fused articular processes Lateral sacral crests- fused tips of transverse processes Sacral hiatus- from absence of laminae and spinous process of S4 &S5 (inverted U) Sacral Cornua- inferior articular processes of S5  
34
coccyx
Remnants of the skeleton of the caudal eminence
35
intervertebral discs
Weight bearing, movement and strength No IV disc b/w C1-C2 Anulus fibrosus nucleus pulposus
36
anulus fibrosus
Circumference of IV disc concentric lamellae of fibrocartilage
37
nucleus pulposus
central core of IV disc 88% H2O at birth with decrease with age Reason for decrease in height in older adults IV disc thickness relative to size of vertebral bodies Thickest in lumbar, thinnest in sup. Thoracic  
38
anterior longitudinal ligament
From pelvic surface of sacrum to anterior tubercle of atlas and occipital bone ant. to foramen magnum Limits extension of vertebral column
39
posterior longitudinal ligament
Attached to posterior IV discs Prevents hyperflexion and posterior herniation of IV discs Many nociceptive (pain) nerve endings
40
ligamenta flavum
adjoin laminae of adjacent vertebral arches Prevent abrupt flexion of vertebral column
41
interspinous ligaments
Weakly adjoin spinous processes
42
supraspinous ligaments
strongly adjoin spinous processes merges with nuchal ligament
43
intertransverse ligaments
connect adjacent transverse processes
44
nuchal ligament
cervical ligament From external occipital protuberance and post. border of foramen magnum to spinous processes of cervical vertebrae Site of muscle attachment
45
cruciate ligament
cervical ligament transverse ligament of the atlas b/w tubercles on the medial aspects of the lateral masses of C1 longitudinal bands From transverse ligament to the occipital bone superiorly and to the body of C2 inferiorly
46
alar ligaments
cervical ligaments from sides of dens to lateral margins of foramen magnum
47
tectorial membrane
cervical ligaments continuation of the posterior longitudinal ligament through the foramen magnum Covers the alar and transverse ligaments
48
movements of vertebral column
Flexion, Extension, Lateral Flexion and Rotation Decrease by 50%+ with age Back muscles, anterolateral abdominal muscles and gravity Greatest movement in cervical and lumbar regions
49
nerves of vertebral column
Meningeal branches of spinal nerves Through the IV foramen
50
spinal cord
Major reflex center and conduction pathway b/w the brain and the body Protected by vertebrae, associated muscles and ligaments, and CSF Begins as a continuation of the medulla oblongata Ends between L1 and L2 Medullary Cone- tapering end between T12 and L3 Spinal Cord enlargements Cervical enlargement- C4 through T1 • Anterior rami form the Brachial Plexus Lumbosacral enlargement- L1 through S3 • Anterior rami form lumbar and sacral plexuses • Cauda equina- spinal nerve roots arising from this enlargement and medullary cone
51
structure of spinal nerves
Posterior roots •afferent fibers from skin, subcutaneous and deep tissue and viscera •Cell bodies in spinal ganglia Anterior roots •efferent fibers to skeletal muscle •Cell bodies in anterior horns of gray matter
52
meninges
surround the spinal cord dura mater- outermost layer arachnoid mater pia mater- innermost layer
53
epidural space
between vertebrae and spinal dura
54
subarachnoid space
between arachnoid and pia mater
55
lumbar spinal tap
To obtain a sample of CSF from the lumbar cistern Needle inserted into subarachnoid space In midline between the spinous processes of L3 and L4 (little danger of damaging the spinal cord)  
56
vasculature of spinal cord
Three longitudinal arteries- superior cord Anterior spinal artery •From union of vertebral arteries branches Two Posterior spinal arteries • Branches of vertebral arteries or posterior inferior cerebellar artery Segmental medullary and radicular arteries • From branches of cervical, deep cervical, vertebral, posterior intercostal and lumbar arteries
57
superficial back muscles | first layer
trapezius latissimus dorsi
58
superficial back muscles second layer
levator scapulae rhomboid major rhomboid minor
59
thoracolumbar fascia | deep fascia
- envelops individual muscles - attaches to - serves as origin for some muscles - Thoracolumbar fascia covers the true muscles of the back, consists of deep fascia fused with and other muscles. Has several laminae.
60
deep muscles of back | 4th layer
- Splenius Capitis - Splenius Cervicis ``` -Erector Spinae • Iliocostalis Lumborum Thoracis Cervicis ``` • Longissimus Thoracis Cervicis Capitis •Spinalis Thoracis Cervicis Capitis -Semispinalis Thoracis Cervicis Capitis -Multifidus -Rotatores Longus Brevis - Interspinales - Intertransversarii - Levatores costarum

HAO 561: QUIZ 2 (2 decks)

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