The Back: Bones, Ligaments and Muscles

Question 1

What are the functions of the vertebral column?

Answer 1

Enables upright posture

Supports body weight

Protects and transmits spinal cord and spinal nerves

Supports the skull and allows for its movement

Contributes to the rib cage

Locomotion

Question 2

What are the two curves of the spinal cord?

Answer 2

Concave- kyphosis- thoracic

Convex- lordosis- lumbar

Question 3

What are the different structures of the vertebra?

Answer 3

Vertebral body

Intervertebral surface

Vertebral arch- pedicle and lamina

Vertebral foramen

Inferior and superior vertebral notch

Question 4

What are the junctions between multiple vertebra?

Answer 4

Articular facets

Question 5

What are found in cervical vertebra?

Answer 5

Uncinate processes

Superior articular facets

Transverse foramen

Question 6

What is C1 called?

Answer 6

Atlas

Question 7

How does atlas connect to the skull?

Answer 7

Between its superior articular facets and the skulls occipital condyles

Question 8

What is C2 called?

Answer 8

Axis

Question 9

What is significant about axis?

Answer 9

Has odontoid process or dens

Question 10

At what joint does the head and neck rotate?

Answer 10

Atlanto-axial joint

Question 11

What are specific to thoracic vertebra?

Answer 11

Transverse processes that are long with a face for articulation with the tubercle of its own rib

Costal demi facets for upper and lower articulation

Spinous processes that overlap 2 vertebrae

Question 12

What vertebrae have the largest size?

Answer 12

Lumbar

Question 13

What are specific to lumbar vertebra?

Answer 13

Largest body

Spine is sturdy, stumpy and quadrangular

Extension is greatest movement

Question 14

What are specific to sacrum?

Answer 14

Sacral promontory is the anterior projection of S!

Median, intermediate and lateral crests

Anterior and posterior foramen

Sacral hiatus

Question 15

What type of joint is between the vertebral column?

Answer 15

Symphysis or secondary cartilaginous joint

Question 16

What type of joint is between articular processes?

Answer 16

Zygapophyseal

Facet

Question 17

Where do spinal nerves emerge?

Answer 17

Intervertebral foramen

Question 18

What is the intervertebral disc made from?

Answer 18

Nucleus pulposus and anulus fibrosus

Question 19

Describe the nucleus pulposus

Answer 19

Gelatinous, 70-90% water

Inside

Absorbs compressive forces between vertebrae

Relative collagen content increase with age

Question 20

Describe the anulus fibrosus

Answer 20

Very strong, concentric lamellae of fibrocartilage

Outside

Attached and kept in place by anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments

Question 21

What is a herniated disc?

Answer 21

Nucleus pulposus may herniate or prolapse to compress the spinal cord, cauda equina or spinal nerve

Question 22

Where do most herniated disc move to?

Answer 22

Posterolateral and compresses on spinal nerve above its vertebrae

Question 23

What are the different ligaments of the vertebral column?

Answer 23

Anterior Atlanto-Axial and Atlanto- Occipital membranes

Anterior longitudinal ligament from ^

Posterior longitudinal ligament from tectorial membrane

Ligamenta flavum- between lamina

Intertransverse ligaments- between transverse processes

Supraspinous ligaments- between tips of spines

Ligamentum nuchae- extends between external occipital protuberance and posterior edge of foramen magnum

Interspinous ligaments

Question 24

What are the ligaments of the atlas and axis?

Answer 24

Alar ligaments- from sides of dens to foramen magnum

Transverse ligaments

Longitudinal ligament

Question 25

What do the transverse ligament, superior and inferior longitudinal fascicles form?

Answer 25

Cruciate ligament

Question 26

What are common in the vertebral column and why?

Answer 26

Metastasis as there are no valves in the veins

Question 27

What are the functions of intrinsic back muscles?

Answer 27

Adapted to provide support and movement in resistance to the effect of gravity Move the vertebral column Participate in moving head Innervated by the posterior rami of spinal nerves

Question 28

What are the functions of the extrinsic back muscles?

Answer 28

Movement of the upper limbs and thoracic wall Innervated by anterior rami of spinal nerves

Question 29

What are the attachments of trapezius?

Answer 29

Skull, ligamentum nuchae and spines of C7 to T12 to scapula and clavicle

Question 30

Function of trapezius

Answer 30

Extends neck, retracts scapular, rotate shoulders in abduction

Question 31

Innervation of trapezius?

Answer 31

Accessory nerve

Question 32

Origin and attachments of latissimus dorsi

Answer 32

Iliac crest, fascia, spines of T6-T12, lower ribs Humerus

Question 33

Function of latissimus dorsi

Answer 33

Shoulder extensions and adduction

Question 34

Innervation of latissimus dorsi?

Answer 34

Thoracodorsal nerve

Question 35

Function of levator scapulae?

Answer 35

Scapular elevation

Question 36

Function of rhomboid major and minor

Answer 36

Scapular retraction and elevation

Question 37

Function of serratus posterior superior

Answer 37

Inspiration

Question 38

Function of serratus posterior inferior

Answer 38

Expiration

Question 39

What is found in the 1st layer of extrinsic back muscles?

Answer 39

Lat dorsi and trapezius

Question 40

What is found in the 2nd layer of extrinsic back muscles?

Answer 40

Levator scapulae Rhomboid major and minor Serratus posterior superior and inferior

Question 41

What are the three layers of intrinsic back muscles?

Answer 41

Superficial Intermediate Deep

Question 42

What are muscles in the superficial layer of the intrinsic back muscles?

Answer 42

Splenius capitis and cervicis

Question 43

What are the functions of Splenius capitis and cervicis?

Answer 43

Extend the neck Rotate and laterally flex

Question 44

What muscles are found in the intermediate layer of the intrinsic back muscles?

Answer 44

Iliocostalis Longissimus Spinalis Grouped together as the erector spinae

Question 45

What muscles form the deep layer of intrinsic back muscles?

Answer 45

Semispinalis Rotatores Multifidus Levators costarum Interspinous Intertransverse

Question 46

What are the deep neck muscles?

Answer 46

Obliques capitis superior Obliquus capitis inferior Rectus capitis posterior major Rectus capitis posterior minor

Question 47

What is found in the sub-occipital triangle?

Answer 47

Vertebral artery and suboccipital nerve