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Psychology > The Bases of Human Behaviour > Flashcards

The Bases of Human Behaviour Flashcards

1
Q

most developed organisms among all creatures on this Earth

A

Homo-sapiens aka humans

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2
Q

What makes humans different from other species?

A
  • ability to walk upright
  • larger brain size (relative to body weight)
  • proportion of specialised brain tissues
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3
Q

The uniqueness of individuals results from the interaction of their ________ and ____

A

genetic endowments and environmental demands

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4
Q

Biologists believe that species have evolved into their _____ from their _____

A

present forms, pre-existing forms

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5
Q

Characteristics of modern human beings developed some 200000 years ago as a result of their___

A

continuous interaction with their environment

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6
Q

____ refers to gradual and orderly biological changes that result in a species from their pre-existing forms in response to the changing adaptational demands of their environment

A

Evolution

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7
Q

__________ and ____changes that occur due to the evolutionary process are so slow that they become visible after hundreds of generations

A

physiological, behavioural

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8
Q

Evolution occurs through the process of _____

A

Natural selection

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9
Q

When repeated generation after generation natural selection leads to the ____ of new species that are more effectively adapted to their particular environment

A

evolution

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10
Q

3 imp features of modern human beings that differentiate them from their ancestors

A

(i) a bigger and developed brain with increased capacity for cognitive behaviours (like perception, memory, reasoning etc)
(ii) ability to walk upright on 2 legs
(iii) a free hand with a workable opposing thumb

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11
Q

Our behaviours are ____ and more developed than those of other species because we have got a large and _____ brain

A

highly complex, highly developed

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12
Q

what are the 2 evidences for human brain development?

A

(i) the weight of the brain =2.35% of total body weight
i. e, highest among all species (elephant=0.2%)
(ii) human cerebrum is more evolved than other parts of brain

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13
Q

___lead to biological and behavioural changes over a long period of time

A

Environmental demands

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14
Q

An important determinant of our behaviour is the _______ that we have inherited from our ancestors in the form of developed body and brain

A

Biological structures

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15
Q

Many children develop mental retardation and other abnormal symptoms due to transmission of a ____ from the parents

A

Faulty gene

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16
Q

____is the basic unit of a nervous system

A

Neuron

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17
Q

______are specialised cells, which possess the unique property of converting various forms of stimuli into electrical impulses

A

Neuron

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18
Q

____are specialised for reception, conduction and transmission of information in the form of electrochemical signals

A

Neurons

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19
Q

Neurons receive information from ____ or from other adjacent neurons, carry them to the _________ and bring _____ from the central nervous system to the ____

A

sense organs, central nervous system(brain and spinal cord), motor information, motor organs (muscles and glands)

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20
Q

_________ number of neurons are found in the nervous system

A

12 billion

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21
Q

what are the 3 fundamental components of neuron?

A

Soma, axon, dendrite

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22
Q

The ___ or ____ is the main body of the nerve cell

A

Soma , cell body

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23
Q

the soma contains the __ of the cell as well as other structures common to living cell of all types

A

Nucleus

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24
Q

The genetic material of the neuron is stored inside the ____ and it becomes actively engaged during ____ and ____

A

Nucleus, cell reproduction and protein synthesis

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25
Q

The soma also contains most of the ____ of the neuron

A

cytoplam(cell-fluid)

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26
Q

______are the branch like specialised structures emanating from the soma

A

dendrites

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27
Q

________are the receiving ends of a neuron

A

dendrites

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28
Q

_______function is to receive the incoming neural impulses from adjacent neurons or directly from the sense organs.

A

dendrites

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29
Q

on dendrites are found _____ which become active when a signal arrives in electrochemical or biochemical form

A

specialised receptors

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30
Q

the signals received by the speacialised receptors are passed on to ____ and then to ____ so that information is relayed to another neuron or muscles

A

soma, axon

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31
Q

The axon conducts information along it’s length which can be _____ in the spinal cord and _____ in the brain

A

Several feet, less than a millimeter

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32
Q

At the ______ the axon branches out into small structures called _____

A

terminal point, terminal buttons

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33
Q

________have the capability for transmitting information to another neuron, gland and muscle

A

terminal buttons

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34
Q

neurons generally conduct information in one direction, from the ____ through ____and _______to ____

A

dendrites, soma, axon, terminal buttons

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35
Q

conduction of information from one place to another in the nervous system is done through nerves which are bundles of ____

A

axons

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36
Q

2 types of nerves are

A

sensory nerves(afferent) and motor nerves(efferent)

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37
Q

______nerves carry information from sense organs to central nervous system

A

sensory(afferent)

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38
Q

______nerves carry information from central nervous system to muscles/glands

A

motor(efferent)

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39
Q

A ___nerve conducts neural commands which direct, control and regulates our movements and other responses

A

motor

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40
Q

information travels within the nervous system in the form of a ___

A

nerve impulse

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41
Q

_______is a sudden change in the electrical potential of the surface of a neuron

A

nerve potential

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42
Q

The strength of the nerve impulse does not depend on the strength of the stimulus that started the impulse. true or false

A

true

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43
Q

Nerve fibres work according to the ______

A

all or none principle.

  • which means they either respond completely or do not respond at all
  • strength of the nerve impulse remains constant along the nerve fiber
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44
Q

Information is transmitted from one place to another within the nervous system in form of a ______

A

Neural/nerve impulse

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45
Q

A single neuron can carry a neural impulse up to a distance covered by _________

A

the length of its axon

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46
Q

When a neural impulse is to be conducted to a distant part of the body, a ______ participate in the process.

A

number of neurons (one neuron faithfully relays the information to a neighbouring neuron)

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47
Q

The ____Tip of a preceding neuron makes functional connections or ___with dendrites of the other neuron

A

axon, synapse

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48
Q

A neuron is never physically connected with another neuron; rather there is a small gap between the two known as _____

A

synaptic cleft

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49
Q

the neural impulse from one neuron is transmitted by a _________ process to another neuron

A

complex synaptic transmission

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50
Q

The conduction of neural impulse in the axon is _____ while the nature of synaptic transmission is____

A

electrochemical, chemical (the chemical substances are known as neurotransmitters)

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51
Q

Our _____ structures play an important role in organisation and execution of behaviour

A

biological

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52
Q

the _______system and ____system work together in giving a shape to human behaviour and experience

A

nervous, endocrine

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53
Q

______nervous system is the most complex and most developed among all living creatures

A

human

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54
Q

The nervous system functions as a ____

(a) whole
(b) part
(c) depends

A

(a)whole

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55
Q

Based on location the 2 division of nervous system are

A

CNS, PNS

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56
Q

The part of the nervous system found inside the hard bony cases is ____

A

CNS

-brain and spinal cord are the organs of this system

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57
Q

the parts of the nervous system other than CNS are placed in the _____

A

PNS

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58
Q

PNS can be classified into

A

somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system

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59
Q

_______nervous system is concerned with voluntary actions and ______nervous system is concerned with involuntary actions

A

somatic(control of skeletal muscles)

autonomic (control of internal organs)

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60
Q

The ____ is composed of all the neurons and nerve fibres that connect the ___ to the rest of the body

A

PNS, CNS

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61
Q

The autonomic nervous system is further divided into _____ and _____systems

A

sympathetic, parasympathetic

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62
Q

The _____ provides information to the ___ from sensory receptors and relays back motor commands from the brain to the muscles and glands

A

PNS, CNS

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63
Q

The somatic nervous system consists of two types of nerves; _______ and ______

A

Cranial nerves and spinal nerves

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64
Q

There are ______sets of cranial nerves which either emanate from or reach different locations of the brain

A

12

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65
Q

There are 3 types of cranial nerves

A

sensory, motor, mixed

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66
Q

_____nerves collect sensory information from receptors of the head region and carry them to the brain

A

Sensory

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67
Q

The ____nerves carry motor impulses originating from brain to muscles of the head region

A

Motor

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68
Q

Movements of the eyeballs are controlled by _____nerves

A

motor cranial

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69
Q

___nerves have both sensory and motor fibres, which conduct sensory and motor information to and from the brain

A

Mixed

70
Q

There are ____sets of spinal nerves coming out of or reaching to the spinal cord.

A

31 (each set has sensory and motor nerves)

71
Q

The ____fibers of the spinal nerves collect sensory information from all over the body (except the head region) and send them to the spinal cord from where they are then carried out to the brain

A

Sensory

72
Q

____impulses coming from the brain are sent to the muscles by the ___fibres of the spinal nerves

A

motor, motor

73
Q

which nervous system controls internal functions such as breathing, blood circulation, salivation, stomach contraction etc

A

Autonomic (these activites are under the control of different structures of the brain_

74
Q

In parasympathetic and sympathetic division, the effect of one division is opposite to the effect of the other. But both work together to maintain a state of equilibrium. true or false

A

true

75
Q

The _____division of the autonomic nervous system deals with emergency situations (fight or flight)

A

Sympathetic

76
Q

The ____division of the autonomic nervous system is concerned with conservation of energy

A

Parasympathetic

77
Q

The _____division monitors the routine functions of the internal system of the body

A

Parasympathetic

78
Q

The _______nervous system is the central of all neural activity

A

central
(it integrates all incoming sensory information, performs all kinds of cognitive activities, issues motor commands to muscles and glands)

79
Q

The CNS comprises of ___ and__

A

brain and spinal cord

80
Q

The ____, ______ and ______ are the oldest structures of the brain

A

Th limbic system, brain stem, cerebellum

81
Q

The _____ is the latest development in the course of evolution

A

cerebral cortex

82
Q

An adult brain weighs around ___and contains around _____neurons

A

1.36kg, 100 billion

83
Q

The most amazing thing about the brain is its number of neurons. true or false

A

false, it is its ability to guide human behaviour and thought

84
Q

the brain is divided into 3 parts-___,_____,_____

A

hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain

85
Q

The hindbrain consists of

A

medulla oblongata, pons, cerebellum

86
Q

lowest part of the brain that exists in continuation of the spinal cord

A

medulla oblongata

87
Q

Why is medulla known as the vital centre of the brain?

A

because it contains neural centres which regulate basic life supporting activities like breathing, heart rate and blood pressure

88
Q

______part of the hindbrain is involved in sleep mechanism

A

pons

89
Q

_____is the highly developed part of the hindbrain and can be easily recognised by i’s wrinkled surface

A

Cerebellum

90
Q

____part of the hindbrain maintains and controls posture and equilibrium of the body

A

cerebellum

91
Q

what is the main function of cerebellum?

A

co-ordination of muscular movements

92
Q

which part of the midbrain is responsible for our arousal?

A

reticular activating system (RAS)

  • makes us alert and active by regulating sensory inputs
  • helps us in selecting information from environment
93
Q

_____part of the brain is considered to be the most important as it performs all cognitive, emotional and motor activities

A

Forebrain

94
Q

the four major parts of the forebrain are

A

hypothalamus, thalamus, limbic system and cerebrum

95
Q

______ is one of the smallest structures of the brain but plays a vital role in behaviour

A

hypothalamus

96
Q

___part of the forebrain regulates physiological processes involved in emotional and motivational behaviour such as eating, drinking, arousal etc..

A

hypothalamus

-also control the internal environment of the body (bp, temp etc)

97
Q

_____consists of an egg shaped cluster of neurons situated on the ventral (upper) side of the hypothalamus

A

thalamus

98
Q

which part of the fore brain is compared to a relay station?

A

thalamus
-as it receives all incoming sensory signals from sense organs and send them to appropriate parts of the cortex for processing

99
Q

____system of the forebrain is composed of a group of structures that form part of the old mammalian brain

A

limbic system

100
Q

the limbic system comprises of the _____And ___

A

hippocampus and amygdala

101
Q

_____pays an imp role in long term memory (limbic system)

A

hippocampus

102
Q

______plays an imp role in emotional behaviour (limbic system)

A

amygdala

103
Q

________of forebrain regulates all higher level cognitive functions

A

cerebrum/cerebral cortex

104
Q

the cerebrum makes____ of the total mass of the human brain. it’s thickness varies from ___ to ___ which covers the entire surface of the brain and contains neurons, neural nets and bundles of axons

A

two-thirds, 1.5mm to 4mm

105
Q

There cerebrum is divided into 2 _____halves, called the _______ hemispheres. Although the 2 hemispheres appear identical, functionally one hemisphere usually ______ the other

A

symmetrical
cerebral (right and left hemisphere)
dominates

106
Q

____hemisphere usually controls language and behaviour

A

left

107
Q

___hemisphere is usually specialised to deal with images, spatial relationships, pattern recognition

A

right

108
Q

the right and left hemispheres of the brain are connected by a white bundle of myelinated fibres called _____ that carries messages back and forth between the hemispheres

A

corpus callosum

109
Q

the 4 lobes of cerebral cortex are

A

frontal-cognitive functions
parietal-cutaneous sensations and their co-ordination
with visual and auditory sensations
temporal-auditory information. understanding of speech
and written info
occipital-visual information

110
Q

no activity of the brain is performed only by a single part of the cortex . true or false

A

true

111
Q

if you are driving the car, you see the road and other vehicles by the function of your ______ lobe, hear the horns by the function of your _____ lobe, do many motor activities controlled by the _____lobe and make decisions by the help of _____lobe

A

occipital
temporal
parietal
frontal

112
Q

The _____ is a long rope-like collection of nerve fibers, which run along the full length inside the spine

A

spinal cord

  • one end is connected to medulla and another is free at the tail end
  • structure all along its length is similar
113
Q

the butterfly shaped mass of grey matter present in the centre of the spinal cord contains _____ and other cells

A

association neurons

114
Q

surrounding the grey matter in the spinal cord in the white matter i.e, composed of the _____ and ____ neural tracts

A

ascending and descending

these tracts connect the brain with the rest of the body

115
Q

what are the 2 main functions of the spinal cord?

A

(i) carries sensory impulses coming from the lower parts of the brain and motor impulses originating from brain to all over the body
(ii) it performs simple reflexes that does not involve the brain

116
Q

simple reflexes involve ____nerve, a___nerve and the _______ of the grey matter of the spinal cord

A

sensory, motor association neurons

117
Q

a _____ is an involuntary action that occurs very quickly after its specific kind of simulation

A

reflex

118
Q

why are endocrine glands called ductless glands ?

A

because they do not have any duct to send their secretions to specific places

119
Q

hormones are circulated by the ____

A

bloodstream

120
Q

the endocrine system works in conjunction with different parts of the _____system. the whole system is thus known as _________system

A

nervous. neuroendocrine

121
Q

The pituitary gland is divide into

A 
anterior pituitary (directly connected with hypothalamus and regulates its hormonal secretions) 
and posterior pituitary
122
Q

why is the pituitary gland called ‘master gland’?

A

the pituitary gland secretes the growth hormone and many other hormones which direct and regulate the secretions of many other endocrine glands found in our body

123
Q

growth hormone is released through childhood, with some spurt during adolescence but gonadotrophic hormones are secreted at the age of puberty, which stimulates the secretion of appropriate sex hormones among boys and girls. true or false

A

true

124
Q

____gland is located in the neck and produces ___ that influences the body’s metabolic rate

A

Thyroid

Thyroxin

125
Q

underproduction of thyroxin leads to ___ and ___

A

physical and psychological lethargy

126
Q

the ______gland is located above each kidney

A

adrenal

127
Q

the adrenal cortex secretes a group hormone called _

A

corticoids

  • utilised for physiological purposes by the body (regulating minerals )
  • any disturbance in its function seriously affects the functions of the nervous system
128
Q

adrenal medulla secretes 2 hormones namely___ and_____

A

epinephrine(adrenaline) and norepinephrine(noradrenaline)

-sympathetic activation take place through the secretion of these 2 hormones

129
Q

epinephrine and norepinephrine stimulate the ____, which prolongs emotions in an individual even when the stressor has been removed

A

hypothalamus

130
Q

Pancreas secrete____

A

insulin

-when not secrete in proper amt you get diabetes

131
Q

__helps the liver to break down glucose for use by the body or for storage as _____ by the liver

A

insulin, glycogen

132
Q

Gonads refer to ____ in males and ___in females

A

testes, ovaries

-the hormones secreted by these regulate sexual behaviours and reproductive functions

133
Q

secretion of hormones of gonads is initiated, maintained and regulated by a hormone called

A

gonadotrophic hormone

  • secreted by the anterior pituitary
  • starts at age of puberty
134
Q

ovaries in females produce __ and ___

A

estrogen and

progesterone (no role in sexual development)

135
Q

______guide the sexual development of the female body

A

Estrogen
-primary(ovulation) and secondary sexual characteristics(widened pelvis, rounded body contours physical stuff) depends on this

136
Q

____ hormone is related with preparation of uterus for the possible reception of fertilised ovum

A

progesterone

137
Q

there is no cyclic pattern in males for hormonal system. true or false

A

true (they dont get periods luv)

138
Q

_____in males produce sperms continuously and secrete male sex hormones called ___

A

Testes, androgens

139
Q

major androgen is _____

A

testosterone

140
Q

___hormone promotes secondary sexual characteristics (physical changes and increase in sexually oriented behaviour)

A

testosterone

-increased aggression and other behaviours are also linked with testosterone production

141
Q

without a balanced secretion of hormones, the body would be unable to maintain a state of ____

A

internal equilibrium

142
Q

The study of the inheritance of physical and psychological characteristics from ancestors is referred to as ____

A

genetics

143
Q

_______is a tiny cell with a nucleus in its centre containing chromosomes

A

zygote (mums ovum fertilised by dads sperms)

144
Q

_____are thread-like paired structures in the nucleus of each cell

A

chromosomes

145
Q

the number of chromosomes per nucleus is ____ and is ______for each living organism

A

distinctive and constant

146
Q

gametic cells(sperm and ovum) have ___chromosomes

A

23(not in pairs)

-new generation after fusion of sperm cell and egg cell

147
Q

at the time of conception the organism inherits ___chromosomes from parents __from mother and __from father

A

46, 23,23

148
Q

each chromosome contains thousands of ____

A

genes

149
Q

the 23rd chromosome(sex chromosome) of the father differs from the mother. true or false

A

true (f-XY, M-XX)

150
Q

chromosomes are composed mainly of a substance called

A

DNA-Deoxyribonucleic acid

our genes are composed chiefly of dna molecules

151
Q

the observable traits of an organism are called ___

A

phenotype (body built, strength, intelligence, other behavioural traits etc)

152
Q

the traits which can be passed on to the offspring through genetic material is called

A

genotype

153
Q

All biological and psychological characteristics that a modern man possesses are the result of ___inheritance with _____variations

A

genotype phenotypical

154
Q

change of a gene from one form to another is called ___

A

mutation

155
Q

____ is a group of people who occupy a particular territory and speak a common language not generally understood by neighbouring people

A

Society

156
Q

______shapes human behaviour from society to society

A

Culture

157
Q

_____is all learning that takes place without direct deliberate teaching

A

Enculturation

158
Q

________is the process through which cultural elements, in the form of attitudes, values, beliefs, and behavioral scripts, are passed onto and taught to individuals and groups.

A

cultural transmission

159
Q

all learning that occurs in human life because of its availability in our socio-cultural context ____

A

enculturation

160
Q

_____is a process by which individuals acquire knowledge, skills and dispositions which enable them to participate as effective members of groups and society

A

Socialisation

161
Q

any one that possess power relative to us can socialise us. such people are called___

A 
socialisation agents (parents and family members are most imp teachers and other elders)
under certain conditions even our peers can affect our socialisation
162
Q

______ and ____serve as basic means for achieving the goals of socialisation

A

reward, punishment

163
Q

socialisation is unidirectional. true or false

A

false. not unid. individuals are not only influenced by their social environment but they also influence it

164
Q

with increased migration, individuals are not only socialised once but are often re-socialised differently in their lifespan. this is known as ___

A

acculturation

165
Q

studies indicate that parenting styles vary enormously in terms of their ____ and ____

A

degree of acceptance and degree of control

166
Q

cultural and psychological changes resulting from contact with other cultures

A

Acculturation

-course of acculturative change is multidirectional

167
Q

Acculturation at the subjective level is changes that are often reflected in people’s attitudes towards change; they are referred to as

A

acculturation attitudes

168
Q

acculturation objectively are the changes reflected in people’s day to day behaviour and activities

A

acculturation strategies

169
Q

______argued that there are 2 imp issues that all acculturating individuals and groups face

(i) degree to which there is a desire to maintain one’s culture and identity
(ii) degree to which there is a desire to engage in daily interactions with members of other cultural groups

A

John Berry

170
Q

while _____write the script of biological transmissions, ___write the script of cultural transmissions

A

genes and memes

Psychology (3 decks)

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