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PCAT > The Basis of Life > Flashcards

The Basis of Life Flashcards

(50 cards)

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1
Q

metabolism

A

the sum of all chemical reactions that occur in the body

catabolic vs. anabolic

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2
Q

catabolic reactions

A

break down large chemicals; release energy

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3
Q

anabolic reactions

A

build up large chemicals; require energy

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4
Q

ingestion

A

acquisition of food and other raw materials

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5
Q

digestion

A

process of converting food into a useable soluble form; allows for passing through membranes in the digestive tract

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6
Q

absorption

A

passage of nutrient molecules through the lining of the digestive tract
diffusion vs. active transport

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7
Q

transport

A

the circulation of essential compounds required to nourish and remove wastes from the tissues

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8
Q

assimilation

A

building up of new tissues

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9
Q

respiration

A

the consumption of oxygen by the body

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10
Q

excretion

A

removal of waste products produced during metabolic processes

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11
Q

synthesis

A

the creation of complex molecules from simple ones

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12
Q

regulation

A

control of physiological activities

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13
Q

homeostasis

A

body’s metabolism functions to maintain its internal environment in a changing external environment

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14
Q

growth

A

an increase in size caused by synthesis of new materials

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15
Q

reproduction

A

generation of additional individuals of a species

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16
Q

enzymes are: (3)

A
  • proteins
  • organic catalyst that do NOT alter the equilibrium constant, are NOT consumed in the reaction
  • selective (pH and temperature sensitive)
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17
Q

2 models for enzyme-substrate binding

A

Lock & key theory

Induced fit theory

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18
Q

lock & key theory

A

spatial structure of an enzyme’s active site is exactly complementary to the spatial structure of its substrate
receptor (lock) & drug substance (key)

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19
Q

induced fit theory

A

active site has flexibility
when appropriate substrate comes in contact with the active site, the conformation of the active site changes to fit the substrate

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20
Q

what affects the reaction rate?

A

concentration of substrate & enzymes
temperature
pH

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21
Q

Vmax

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A

the maximum rate of a reaction under certain conditions; reflects how fast an enzyme can catalyze a reaction

increasing the substrate concentration will increase the rxn rate until all the active sites are occupied

22
Q

competitive inhibition (2)

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A
  • when a similar molecule with comparable concentration to the substrate competes with the substrate for the binding site and interferes with enzyme activity
  • enzyme is inhibited by the inactive competitor
23
Q

noncompetitive inhibition (3)

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A
  • irreversible
  • an inhibitor that is covalently bound to an enzyme that can not be displaced by the addition of excess substrate
  • allosteric inhibition: inhibition takes place at a site other than the active site-> changes enzyme structure & active site
24
Q

the _____ is the fundamental unit of all living things

25
cell theory (5)
- all living things are composed of cells - the cell is the basic functional unit of life - chemical rxns take place inside the cell - cells arise ONLY from pre-existing cells - cells carry genetic information in the form of DNA
26
cell membrane
- encloses the cell and exhibits selective permeability | - regulates the passage of materials into & out of the cell
27
fluid mosaic model (4)
- describes the plasma membrane of each cell - plasma membrane is made-up of a phospholipid bilayer (outward hydrophilic heads & inward hydrophobic tails)= FLUID at body temperature - each cell resided in extracellular fluid, but the inside is also composed of cytoplasm - proteins & other substances are embedded throughout the membrane and can move freely throughout within the membrane=MOSAIC
28
Lipid bilayer is permeable to: (2)
- small nonpolar hydrophobic molecules ex. oxygen - small polar molecules ex. water
29
Lipid bilayer is not permeable to: (2)
- charged ions | - larger charged molecules
30
nucleus (3)
- controls the activities of the cell - contains the DNA - contains the nucleolus: ribosomal synthesis occurs
31
ribosome
site of protein production
32
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
network of membrane-enclosed spaces involved in the transport of material throughout the cell
33
Golgi apparatus
received vesicles from smooth ER, modifies them, repackages them into vesicles, distributes them to the cell surface
34
mitochondria
powerhouse | site of aerobic respiration within the cell & hence the supplier of energy
35
cytoplasm
where cell metabolic activity occurs
36
vacuoles/vesicles
membrane-bound sacs involved in the transport & storage of materials that are ingested, secreted, processed, or digested by the cell
37
centrioles (2)
- involved in spindle organization during cell division | - a pair of them can be found in an area known as the centrosome of animal cell
38
lysosomes (2)
- break down material ingested by the cell | - membrane bound vesicles that contain hydrolytic enzymes involved in digestion
39
cytoskeleton functions (3)
- supports the cell - maintains its shape - functions in cell motility
40
components of the cytoskeleton (3)
- microtubules - microfilaments - intermediate filaments
41
microtubules (2)
- hollow rods made up of tubulin - radiated throughout the cell and used for support ex. centrioles, cilia, flagella (made up of microtubules)
42
microfilaments (3)
- solid rods of actin - important in cell movement as well as support - move materials across the plasma membrane ex. muscle contraction based on interaction of actin & myosin
43
passive transport (2); examples
- without energy - with the concentration gradient ex. simple diffusion & facilitated diffusion
44
active transport (2)
- require energy | - against the concentration gradient
45
simple diffusion
passive transport | movement of particles down their concentration gradient from high->low
46
osmosis
simple diffusion of water from a region of lower solute concentration to a region of higher solute concentration
47
hypertonic vs hypotonic vs isotonic
- hypotonic: greater concentration of solutes within the cell, so water molecules enter the cell (CELL LYSIS) - hypertonic: greater concentration of solutes outside the cell, so water molecules travel from the cell (CELL SHRIVEL) - isotonic: equal concentration of solute outside & inside the cell
48
facilitated diffusion
passive transport | movement of particles down their concentration gradient through special channels or carrier proteins
49
endocytosis
cell membrane invaginates, forming a vesicle that contains extracellular material
50
exocytosis
vesicle within the cell fuses with the cell membrane and releases its content to the outside

PCAT (2 decks)

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