the beginning of change xx-renaisance

Question 1

1. what was the renaissance?

Answer 1

was a cultural movement that began in Florence, Italy, in the late 1400s.

Question 2

2. what did the renaissance cause a ‘rebirth’ of?

Answer 2

learning and a belief that being
educated in art, music, science and literature could make life better for everyone.

Question 3

3. who was vesalius?

Answer 3

• as Professor of Surgery at the University of Padua in Italy, he began to question Galen’s opinions

Question 4

4. what book did vesalius write?

Answer 4

The Fabric of
the Human Body (1543)

Question 5

5. what was vesalius book about?

Answer 5

• was a beautifully illustrated, very accurate textbook based on dissections and observations of the human body

• Galen’s mistakes because he dissected animals

• provided proof of Galen’s mistakes, for example the breastbone in a human being has three parts, not seven as in an ape

Question 6

6. what did vesalius do?

Answer 6

-he dissected human bodies
-he said medical students should learn from dissections

Question 7

7. what was the reaction to vesalius/ his work?

Answer 7

• he was criticised for saying Galen was wrong

Question 8

8. what was vesaliuss contribution to medical progress in england?

Answer 8

• in 1545 Thomas Geminus copied Vesalius’ illustrations and put them in a manual for barber-surgeons, called Compendiosa
• Compendiosa was very popular in England,

Question 9

9. what effect did vesalius work have?

Answer 9

• Although Vesalius work did not lead to any medical cures, it was the basis for better treatments in the future.
• Vesalius showed others how to do proper dissections, and famous sixteenth century anatomists followed his approach, e.g. Fabricius

Question 10

10. what were gunshots wounds thought to be before pares discoveries?

Answer 10

poisonous

Question 11

11. how was gunshot wounds treated?

Answer 11

burned out using boiling oil

Question 12

12. what were pares discoveries regarding gunshot wounds?

Answer 12

1537 - Paré ran out of hot oil so he improvised and just used the cream of rose oil, egg white and turpentine was applied

Question 13

13. how did pares discovery change how gunshot wounds were treated?

Answer 13

Paré’s patients’ wounds healed well
He wrote a book about treating wounds

Question 14

14. how were wounds treated that were bleeding?

Answer 14

Wounds were cauterised to stop bleeding

Question 15

15. what were pares discovery’s regarding wounds being cauterised to stop bleeding?

Answer 15

Paré used Galen’s method of tying blood vessels with ligatures or thread

Question 16

16. how did pares discovery change how stopping bleeding was treated?

Answer 16

The ligature was less painful, but was slower and could introduce infection; it also took longer to use in battlefield surgery

Question 17

17. what was pares contribution to medical progress in england?

Answer 17

Paré translated the work of Andreas Vesalius and used Vesalius’s work in his famous Works on Surgery.
This was widely read by English surgeons
Queen Elizabeth I’s surgeon William Clowes (made Paré’s work well known.

Question 18

18. who made pares work well know?

Answer 18

Queen Elizabeth I’s surgeon William Clowes

Question 19

19. who was william harvey?

Answer 19

was an English doctor who challenged Galen by saying the
biood circulated round the body

Question 20

20. how did galen say about blood?

Answer 20

Galen said new blood was
constantly made in the liver and burned as a fuel in the body

Question 21

21. what was harvey’s contribution to medical progress?

Answer 21

• He observed the slow-beating hearts of cold-blooded animals to understand how the muscles worked
• He read widely what the Italian anatomists at Padua discovered, and built upon their work.
• He dissected and studied human hearts.
• He experimented pumping liquid the wrong way through valves in the veins, proving that blood could only go round one way

Question 22

22. what didn’t harvey know?

Answer 22

• why the blood circulated
• why there was different
  coloured blood in the arteries and veins

Question 23

23. what was the reaction to harvey’s discovery?

Answer 23

• Harvey’s critics said he was mad. Some doctors rejected his theory because he was contradicting
  Galen, or did not believe his caiculations.
• Despite all the criticism, Harvey’s theory was accepted by
  many doctors.

Question 24

24. what the significance of harvey’s discovery?

Answer 24

Harvey’s discovery was not immediately useful. Transfusions did not happen until 1901, when blood groups were discovered

Question 25

25. who’s nicholas culpeper?

Answer 25

-Wrote The complete herbal (1653) -Used plants and astrology in his treatments -Highty critical of bloodletting and purging

Question 26

26. who’s thomas sydenham?

Answer 26

English doctor who stressed the careful observation of symptoms and was critical of quack medicine

Question 27

27. what were treatments in the seventeenth and eighteenth century?

Answer 27

-bloodletting -herbal remedies, for example new natural medicines such as the bark of the Cinchona tree from South America which contained quinine for malaria -opium from Turkey used as an anaesthetic -the discovery by the military surgeon, John Woodal in 1617, of lemons and limes to treat scurvy

Question 28

28. who were quacks?

Answer 28

showy, travelling salesmen who sold all sorts of medicines and 'cure-alls'.

Question 29

29. when was the great plague?

Answer 29

1665

Question 30

30. what was the great plague?

Answer 30

he plague returned in an epidemic that killed about 100,000 people in London (around a quarter of the city's population) and thousands of people in the rest of the country.

Question 31

31. what were remedies/ treatments against the great plague?

Answer 31

• bleeding with leeches • smoking to keep away the ‘poisoned' air • sniffing a sponge soaked in vinegar • using animals such as frogs, pigeons, snakes and scorpions to draw out the poison'

Question 32

32. when dealing with the great plague what had people learned since the black death?

Answer 32

• People recognised the likely connection between dirt and the disease; most deaths occurred in the poorest, dirtiest areas. • There was a more organised approach this time. Mayors and councillors issued orders to try to halt the spread of the disease. • There was more effective quarantine (locking up) of victims in their houses, guarded by watchmen. • Orders were issued for streets to be swept and animals were not allowed in the streets. • Gatherings of crowds for plays or games were banned.

Question 33

33. who paid for modern hospitals?

Answer 33

by the rich, such as Guy's Hospital in London (1724), or by 'private subscription', where local people clubbed together to pay.

Question 34

34. when were 5 new general hospital built in london?

Answer 34

1720-1750

Question 35

35. what did hospital have in them?

Answer 35

medical schools to train doctors

Question 36

36. what was treatment mainly based on?

Answer 36

based on the four humours approach of bleeding and purging.

Question 37

37. how did attitudes towards treating patients change?

Answer 37

Christians thought it better to help the sick

Question 38

38. how did attitudes towards sinning being the reason for illness change?

Answer 38

Fewer people thought illness was a punishment for sin. Instead they thought that illness could be dealt with by a more evidence-based, scientific approach.

Question 39

39. what was added to hospital towards the end of the eighteenth century?

Answer 39

pharmacies, giving the poor free medicines,

Question 40

40. what were some specialist hospitals in london at the time?

Answer 40

London's Lock Hospital for venereal disease (1746) and a maternity hospital, the British Hospital for Mothers and Babies (1749).

Question 41

41. who was john hunter?

Answer 41

a pioneer of scientific surgery.

Question 42

42. what were hunters books?

Answer 42

• Based on his observations, dissection skill, and experimentation, as well as his experience in the army. Example are The Natural History of the Teeth (1771), On Venereal Disease (1786), and Blood inflammation and gunshot wounds (1794)

Question 43

43. what did hunter teach?

Answer 43

• Taught hundreds of other surgeons (such as Edward Jenner) in his scientific approach • Inspired many young surgeons to become great medical teachers and professors, some of whom founded famous teaching hospitals

Question 44

44. what was hunters collection?

Answer 44

• Collected and studied 3000 anatomical specimens such as stuffed animals, dried plants, fossils, diseased organs, and embryos

Question 45

45. what were hunters methods?

Answer 45

• Demanded careful observation in surgery; experimented on himself in 1767, with gonorrhoea germs • Tried radical surgery; in 1785 he saved a man's leg with a throbbing lump (aneurysm) on his knee joint, instead of performing the usual amputation

Question 46

46. what was one of the most feared diseases in the eighteenth century?

Answer 46

smallpox

Question 47

47. what was used to prevent smallpox?

Answer 47

inoculation, but this was controversial and i didn’t always work

Question 48

48. what’s inoculation?

Answer 48

• It involved giving a healthy person a mild dose of the disease. • It became common from the 1740s and many doctors became rich from the procedure.

Question 49

49. what were the problems with inoculation?

Answer 49

• There was a risk that the smallpox dose was not mild, and could kill. • Inoculated people could still pass on smallpox to others. • Poor people could not afford to be inoculated.

Question 50

50. how did jenner discover vaccination?

Answer 50

• edward jenner giving cowpox to an eight-year-old boy as an experiment. If the cowpox was to work, then the child would not react to the follow-up smallpox inoculation; • Six weeks later, he gave the boy smallpox inoculation: no disease followed. • Jenner repeated the experiment over several weeks with 16 different patients. None of them reacted to smallpox inoculation. Jenner concluded correctly that cowpox protected humans from smallpox.

Question 51

51. why did jenner and the vaccination have opposition?

Answer 51

Jenner published his findings in 1798 but ... • he could not explain how vaccination worked • many doctors were profiting from smalpox so didn’t support jenners vaccination • Jenner was not a fashionable city doctor, so there was snobbery against him.

Question 52

52. why was the vaccination accepted?

Answer 52

• members of the royal family were vaccinated, which influenced opinion • Parliament acknowledged Jenner's research with a £ 10,000 grant in 1802 • in 1853 the British government made smallpox vaccination compulsory