The Beginnings of Change

Question 1

Between what years did the Renaissance take place?

Answer 1

1400-1600

Question 2

Which invention in 1446 allowed for better communication?

Answer 2

Gutenberg’s Printing Press

Question 3

Name 3 Influential Renaissance doctors

Answer 3

Ambrose Pare, Andreas Vesalius, William Harvey

Question 4

When was Vesalius born?

Answer 4

1514

Question 5

Which university was Vesalius professor of surgery at?

Answer 5

The University of Padua

Question 6

What did Vesalius discover using his dissections?

Answer 6

Galen had made mistakes about human anatomy

Question 7

Which book did Vesalius publish in 1543?

Answer 7

On the Fabric of the Human Body

Question 8

Which substance was used to cauterise gunshot wounds in the 16th century?

Answer 8

Hot Oil

Question 9

Explain why Pare challenged the traditional belief about hot oil

Answer 9

During a battle in 1537 he ran out of hot oil and found that simply using the cream lead to less pain and quicker healing

Question 10

Which old method around amputation did Pare revive?

Answer 10

Tying ligatures around blood vessels

Question 11

Name 1 disadvantage of ligatures

Answer 11

Caused infection and slower than cauterisation

Question 12

When was William Harvey born?

Answer 12

1578

Question 13

Which two universities did Harvey study at?

Answer 13

University of Cambridge and University of Padua

Question 14

What was the commonly believed Galenic view on circulation?

Answer 14

New blood was made in the liver and burned up as fuel, blood passed from the right hand to left hand side of the heart through tiny holes

Question 15

What was Harvey’s theory of circulation based on dissections?

Answer 15

Blood was pumped around the body by the heart, and discovered that the valves in blood vessels make sure blood only flows one direction

Question 16

Which book did Harvey publish on his findings?

Answer 16

Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals(1628)

Question 17

What were Vesalius, Pare and Harvey criticised for?

Answer 17

Daring to challenge Galen

Question 18

How did Vesalius’ detailed anatomical drawings help medicine?

Answer 18

Aided the development of surgery

Question 19

How did Pare aid medical development?

Answer 19

Inspired English surgeons to question old ideas and experiment with new methods e.g William Clowed

Question 19

When did Pare write works on surgery?

Answer 19

1575

Question 20

Name 3 things Harvey’s discoveries did aid the development of

Answer 20

Blood Tests, Blood Transfusions, Heart Transplants

Question 21

Who did people go to instead of a trained doctor?

Answer 21

Barber surgeon for minor operations, apothecaries and wise person for herbal remedies

Question 22

What was the name of the writer of the Complete Herbal in 1653?

Answer 22

Nicholas Culpeper

Question 23

Name 2 Substances brought back by explorers from other countries

Answer 23

Cinchona Bark from S America to treat malaria, Opium from turkey as anaesthetic

Question 24

When did microscopes began to be used?

Answer 24

1677, to discover micro-organisms

Question 25

Define Quacks

Answer 25

Showy salespeople who pretended to have medical knowledge but did not in fact

Question 26

Name 3 Advantages of using a quack

Answer 26

Cheap compared to doctor, Expertly marketed, Contained alcohol and opium to mask symptoms, Placebo effect

Question 27

What did Thomas Sydenham advocate?

Answer 27

Taking a restrained approach rather than purging and bloodletting

Question 28

How many people in London did the Great Plague kill in 1665?

Answer 28

100,000 people

Question 29

Were people aware of the cause and treatment of disease during the Great Plague?

Answer 29

No

Question 30

How was the response to the Great Plague different to previous outbreaks of the Black Death?

Answer 30

There was a more organised approach to prevention of disease such as using quarantines and social distancing

Question 31

What was the purpose of Searchers?

Answer 31

To identify people suffering from the plague, so that they could be quarantined in their houses

Question 32

What law did King Charles II pass in 1666?

Answer 32

All public gatherings were now banned

Question 33

How many hospitals were added to the original two in London from 1720-50?

Answer 33

Five

Question 34

How many patients did London's hospitals care for by 1800?

Answer 34

20,000 patients

Question 35

Name 4 Similarities between Renaissance and Medieval Hospitals

Answer 35

Treatments still based on 4 humours, free care to those in poverty, surgery as a last resort, specialist hospitals such as St Luke's and the Foundling Hospital

Question 36

When was St Luke's hospital opened?

Answer 36

1751

Question 37

When was the Foundling Hospital opened?

Answer 37

1741

Question 38

Name 4 Differences between Renaissance and Medieval hospitals

Answer 38

Places to treat patients, now looked after by nurses and doctors, medical schools attached to new hospitals, built to care for hundreds of patients

Question 38

Define Dispensaries

Answer 38

Places that gave out medicines for free

Question 39

When was John Hunter born?

Answer 39

1728

Question 40

Which king did Hunter become surgeon on?

Answer 40

King George III's

Question 41

Name 3 Scientific beliefs of John Hunter

Answer 41

Refrained from carrying out amputations on wounded soldiers, mercury and bread pills to treat gonorrhoea, study of anatomy

Question 42

What percentage of people who caught smallpox died?

Answer 42

30%

Question 43

Define Inoculation

Answer 43

A method of treatment first used in medieval Asia in which a patient is given a mild dose of a disease to build up resistance

Question 44

In what decade and by what person was inoculation introduced to Britain?

Answer 44

1920s, Lady Mary Wortley Montagu

Question 45

Describe the 2 main problems with inoculation

Answer 45

When infected with a mild dose they still became infectious It could be dangerous if dosage was wrong

Question 46

Who invented vaccination?

Answer 46

Edward Jenner

Question 47

When was smallpox vaccination made compulsory?

Answer 47

1853

Question 48

By what year was smallpox completely eradicated?

Answer 48

1980