the behaviourist approach Flashcards
what are the 2 forms of conditioning?
- classical conditioning
- operant conditioning
when did Pavlov discover classical conditioning?
1927
when did Skinner discover operant conditioning?
1938
describe operant conditioning
learning by consequences/ reinforcement
describe reinforcement
something in the environment that strengthens a particular behaviour and makes it more likely to recur
classical conditioning
learning by association
describe Pavlov’s research
he investigated the salivary reflexes in dogs and noticed that dogs also reacted to stimuli that’s associated with food
Unconditioned stimulus
the natural stimulus in any reflex
Unconditioned response
the natural response in any reflex
describe the stimuli and responses process for classical conditioning
USC > UCR
UCS + NS > UCR
CS > CR
describe Pavlov’s dogs classical conditioning
food > salivate
food + bell > salivate
bell > salivate
positive reinforcement
when behaviour produces a consequence that’s satisfying or pleasant for the organism
- e.g. food to a hungry animal
negative reinforcement
when behaviour produces a consequence that removes something aversive(unpleasant) to restore the organism to its’ ‘pre-aversive’ state
- e.g. hitting the off button on a alarm
which reinforcement schedule is the most effective?
a partial reinforcement schedule is more effective than a continuous reinforcement schedule
- e.g. every 3rd lever press/ every 10 minutes
define punishment
behaviour that’s followed by a consequence that’s undesirable which decreases the likelihood of a behaviour recurring
