the behavourist approach

Question 1

what does empiricism mean?

Answer 1

when we explain behaviour from observation and experience alone rather than innate factors

Question 2

what is introspection?

Answer 2

observation of own inner mental processes in order to gain insight

Question 3

who is considered the father of psychology?

Answer 3

Wilhelm Wundt

Question 4

what is the scientific method?

Answer 4

refers to investigative methods that are
-objective
-systematic
-replicable
-falsifiable

Question 5

What did Csikzentmihalyi find?

Answer 5

that young people compared to younger generations are more unhappy than happy
-but found that they were happier when doing a challenging task

Question 6

what does behaviourist mean?

Answer 6

people who believe that human behaviour can be explained in terms of conditioning, without the need to consider thoughts and feelings

Question 7

what is classical conditioning?

Answer 7

when a neutral stimulus is consistently paired with an unconditioned stimulus so that it eventually takes on the properties of this stimulus and is able to produce a conditioned response

Question 8

what is operant conditioning?

Answer 8

learning through reinforcement or punishment
if a behaviour is followed by a desirable consequence then that behaviour is more likely to occur again in the future

Question 9

what is punishment?

Answer 9

the application of an unpleasant consequence following a behaviour with the result that the behaviour is less likely to occur again in the future

Question 10

what is reinforcement?

Answer 10

anything that strengthens a response and increases the likelihood that it will occur again in the future

Question 11

what is the s-r bond?

Answer 11

stimulus response bond

Question 12

what did pavlov do?

Answer 12

-conditioned dogs to salivate when they hear the bell instead of the footsteps
-classical conditioning

Question 13

what did skinner do?

Answer 13

-conditioned the rats to push the lever to get food instead of being shocked
operant conditioning

Question 14

what did watson do?

Answer 14

-conditioned little albert, a 9 month old baby to have a fear of things with fur and he was presented a white rat whilst there was a loud noise behind him which cause stimulus generalisation with anything similar to a rat
-caused a fear response

Question 15

what is identification?

Answer 15

a form of influence where an individual adopts an attitude or behaviour because they want to be associated with a particular person or group

Question 16

what is imitation?

Answer 16

the action of using someone or something as a model and copying their behaviour

Question 17

what are mediational processes?

Answer 17

refer to the internal mental processes that exist between environmental stimuli and the response made by an individual to those stimuli

Question 18

what is modelling?

Answer 18

a form of learning where individuals learn a particular behaviour by observing another individual performing that behaviour

Question 19

what is the social learning theory?

Answer 19

learning through observing others and imitating behaviours that are rewarded

Question 20

what is vicarious reinforcement?

Answer 20

learning that is not a result of direct reinforcement of behaviour, but through observing someone else being reinforced for that behaviour

Question 21

what is empiricism?

Answer 21

when we explain behaviour from observation & experience alone (rather than innate factors)

Question 22

what is mundane realism?

Answer 22

means how much a research study’s conditions and scenarios resemble everyday life. High mundane realism means it’s like real life, while low mundane realism means it’s less like real life. It’s important to consider when judging how well study findings apply to the real world.

Question 23

what is extinction?

Answer 23

pavlov discovered that unlike the UCR the CR does not become permanently established as a response if it is not reinforced enough

Question 24

what is spontaneous recovery?

Answer 24

following extinction if the CS & UCS are paired together again the link is made more quickly

Question 25

what is stimulus generalisation?

Answer 25

responses to stimuli similar to CS

Question 26

what is systematic desensitisation?

Answer 26

a therapy based on classical conditioning which treat phobias

Question 27

what is counter conditioning?

Answer 27

a psychological technique that helps replace unwanted behaviors with more desirable ones by associating the unwanted behavior with positive or neutral stimuli. It’s often used to change how someone responds to a certain situation or stimulus.

Question 28

what is reciprocal inhibition?

Answer 28

Reciprocal inhibition, in simple terms, is a technique in psychology where you reduce anxiety or fear by introducing a contrasting, incompatible emotion or behavior, like relaxation. This helps to counter and reduce the unwanted emotion or behavior.

Question 29

what is reinforcement?

Answer 29

something in the environment that strengthens (or reinforces) a particular behaviour

Question 30

what is positive reinforcement?

Answer 30

when a behaviour produces a consequence that is satisfying or pleasant for the organism

Question 31

what is negative reinforcement?

Answer 31

remove something aversive (unpleasant) and so restore the organism to its “pre aversive” state

Question 32

what are schedules or reinforcement?

Answer 32

continuous reinforcement- more effective in establishing particular response
partial reinforcement- more effective in maintaining that response & avoiding extinction

Question 33

what is punishment?

Answer 33

application of unpleasant consequence following a behaviour