The Big One Flashcards
(130 cards)
1
Q
Whigs
A
The name used by advocates of colonial resistance to British measures during the 1760’s and 1770’s
2
Q
Tories
A
A derisive term applied to loyalists in America who supported the king and parliament just before and during the American Revolution
3
Q
Sovereignty
A
The supreme authority of the state
4
Q
Declaration of Rights and Grievances
A
Asserted that the Stamp Act and other taxes were imposed on the colonists without their consent were unconstitutional
5
Q
Republicanism
A
The idea that governments must exercise power, but simultaneously cautioning that power could easily overwhelm liberty.
6
Q
Second Continental Congress
A
Convened in Philadelphia on May 10, 1775. The second continental congress called for the patchwork and revision of the way things worked.
7
Q
Olive Branch Petition
A
A last effort for peace that avowed America’s loyalty to George 3 and requested that he protect them from further aggression
8
Q
Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking up Arms
A
Declaration of the second continental congress that Americans were ready to fight for freedom and liberty
9
Q
Contract theory of government
A
Belief that the government is established by human beings to protect certain rights: life, liberty, and property. These rights are theirs by natural divinely sanctioned law and when government protects these rights, people are obligated to obey it.
10
Q
Republican
A
Used to describe theory derived from the political ideas of classical antiquity, renaissance Europe, and early modern England
11
Q
Federalism
A
the sharing of powers between national government and the states
12
Q
Nationalists
A
Group of leaders in the 1780’s who spearheaded the drive to replace the articles of confederation with a stronger central government
13
Q
Judicial review
A
A power implied in the constitution that gives federal courts the right to review and determine
14
Q
Great Compromise
A
plan proposed by Roger Sherman of Connecticut at the 1787 Constitutional convention for creating a national bicameral legislature in which all states would be equally represented in the house
15
Q
Virginia Plan
A
Proposal of the Virginia Delegation at the 1787 constitutional convention calling for a national legislature in which states would be represented according to population. The national legislature would have explicit power to veto or overrule laws passed by state legislature
16
Q
New Jersey Plan
A
Proposal of the New jersey delegation at the 1787 Constitutional covention for a strengthened national government in which all states would have equal representation in a unicameral legislature
17
Q
Natural rights
A
Political philosophy that maintains that individuals have an inherent right, found in nature and preceding any government or written law, to life and liberty
18
Q
Bill of rights
A
a written summary of inalienable rights and liberties
19
Q
Federalist
A
A supporter of the constitution who favored its ratification
20
Q
Antifederalist
A
An opponent of the constitution in the debate over its ratification
21
Q
Shay’s rebellion
A
an armed movement of debt-ridden farmers in western Massachusetts in the winter of 1786-1787. Rebellion shut down courts and created a crisis atmosphere
22
Q
Northwest ordinance of 1787
A
Legislation passed by congress under the articles of confederation that prohibited slavery in the northwest territories and provided the model for the incorporation of future territories into the union as coequal states
23
Q
Judiciary Act of 1789
A
Act of Congress that implemented the judiciary clause of the constitution by establishing the Supreme Court and a system of lower federal court
24
Q
Nullification
A
a constitutional doctrine holding that a state has a legal right to declare a national law null and void within its borders
25
Alien and Sedition Acts
Collective name given to four acts passed by congress in 1798 that curtailed freedom of speech and the liberty of foreigners resident in the US
26
Democratic Party
Political party formed in the 1820s under the leadership of Andrew Jackson; favored states' rights and limited role for federal government
27
Whig Party
Party formed in the mid-1830s in opposition to the Jacksonian Democrats, that favored strong role for the national government in promoting strong economic growth
28
Gag rule
Procedural rule passed in the House of Representatives that prevented discussion of antislavery petitions from 1836 to 1844
29
Nullification crisis
Sectional crisis in the early 1830s in which a states' rights party in South Carolina attempted to nullify federal law
30
Spoils system
The awarding of government jobs to party loyalists
31
Abolitionist movement
A radical antislavery crusade committed to the immediate end of slavery that emerged in the three decades before the Civil War
32
Second Great Awakening
Series of religious revivals in the first half of the nineteenth century characterized by great emotionalism in large public meetings
33
Indian Removal Act
Legislation passed by Congress in 1830 that provided funds for removing and resettling eastern Indians in the West. It granted the president the authority to use force if necessary
34
Trail of Tears
The forced march in 1838 of the Cherokee Indians from their homelands in Georgia to the Indian Territory in the West; thousands of Cherokees died along the way
35
Black Hawk's War
Short 1832 war in which federal troops and Illinois militia units defeated the Sauk and Fox Indians led by Black Hawk.
36
Second Party System
The national two-party competition between Democrats and Whigs from the 1830s through the early 1850s
37
Slave code
series of laws passed mainly in the southern colonies to defend the status of slaves and codify the denial of basic civil rights to them
38
Black code
Law passed that denies rights of citizenship to free black people
39
Prosser's rebellion
slave revolt that failed when Gabrich Prosser, a slave preacher, and blacksmith organized
40
Vesey's Conspiracy
The most carefully devised slave revolt in which rebels planned to seize control of charleston in 1822
41
Turner's Rebellion
Uprisings of slaves led by Nat Turner that resulted in the death of 60 white people.
42
Underground Railroad
Support system set up by antislavery groups in the Upper south and the North to assist fugitive slaves in escaping the south.
43
Temperance
reform movement originating In the 1820's that sought to eliminate the consumption of alcohol
44
Cult of domesticity
the belief that women, by virtue of their sex, should stay home as the moral guardians of Family life
45
Nativist
favoring the interests and cultures of native- born inhabitants over those of immigrants
46
Communism
a social structure based on the common ownership of property
47
Socialism
a social order based on government ownership of industry and worker control
48
Transcendentalism
philosophical and literary movement centered on an idealistic belief
49
American Colonization Society
colonization founded in 1817 by anti- slavery reformers
called for gradual emancipation and the removal of freed blacks to Africa
50
American Anti-Slavery Society
first national organization of abolitionists, founded in 1833
51
Seneca Falls Convention
first convention for women's equality in legal rights held in upstate New York in 1848
52
Declaration of Sentiments
the resolutions passed at the Seneca Falls Convention of 1848 calling for full female equality, including the right to vote
53
Slave power
a key concept in abolitionist and northern anti slavery propaganda that depicted southern slaveholders as the driving force in a political conspiracy to promote slavery
at the expense of white liberties
53
Liberty Party
The first anti-slavery political party formed in 1840
54
Why did Republican theory mistrust professional armies?
They were the instruments of tyrants
55
Why is the Continental Army’s winter at Valley Forge famous?
Soldiers died from cold, disease, and starvation (it sucked)
56
Coming out of the Constitutional Convention, which unresolved issue would have the greatest impact on later American history?
slavery
57
Which amendment called for a well-regulated militia?
2nd
58
Which amendment prohibits the quartering of soldiers in private homes?
3rd
59
Federalists were alarmed by what world event?
French Revolution
60
In his Farewell Address, Washington devoted most of his time to what topic?
The future of America and how we need to stay neutral in European affairs.
61
The Missouri Compromise attempted to do what?
Sectional compromise in Congress in 1820 that admitted Missouri to the Union as a slave state and Maine as a free state and prohibited slavery in the northern Louisiana Purchase territory
62
The first members of the Whig Party believed what?
Political party, formed in the mid-1830s in opposition to the Jacksonian Democrats, that favored strong role for the national government in promoting strong economic growth.
63
Why was John Tyler at odds with the urban and commercial members of the Whig Party?
Because he was for states rights instead of federal government rights and they were not.
64
What was the dominant issue in the election of 1844?
Annexation of Texas
64
The first large-scale slave rebellion was led by who?
Gabriel Posser
65
Which religious group was largely involved in beginning the Underground Railroad?
Quaker
65
What document, issued at the Seneca Falls Convention, called for full female equality?
The Declaration of Sentiments
66
Which town was a starting point on the Oregon Trail in 1842?
Independence, Missouri
67
Before 1850, which of the following groups was the dominant power in the north and central Great Plains?
Soux hunters/warrior
68
How was St. Louis was ideally located for urban growth?
It happened to be in the middle of 3 converging major rivers the Mississippi, Missouri, and Ohio
69
Manifest Destiny was premised on what?
The premise is that the United States deserved the land out west because God gave it to them to spread Christianity and to use it for farming.
70
What effect did the publication of Uncle Tom’s Cabin have on many northern white people?
It gave them an inside look on slavery and made them have sympathy for the enslaved.
71
Manifest Destiny
Doctrine, first expressed in 1845, that the expansion of white Americans across the continent was inevitable and ordained by God.
72
Claim Clubs
Groups of local settlers on the nineteenth-century frontier who banded together to prevent the price of their land claims from being bid up by outsiders at public land auction
73
Oregon Trail
Overland trail of more than two thousand miles that carried American settlers from the Midwest to new settlements in Oregon, California, and Utah
74
Santa Fe Trail
The 900-mile trail opened by American merchants for trading purposes following Mexico’s liberalization of the formerly restrictive trading policies of Spain.
75
Alamo
Franciscan mission at San Antonio, Texas, that was the site in 1836 of a siege and massacre of Texans by Mexican troops
76
Mexican Cession of 1848
The addition of half a million square miles to the United States as a result of victory in the 1846 war between the United States and Mexico
77
Popular Sovereignty
A solution to the slavery crisis suggested by Michigan senator Lewis Cass by which territorial residents, not Congress, would decide slavery’s fate
78
Know-Nothing Party
Anti-immigrant party formed from the wreckage of the Whig Party and some disaffected northern Democrats in 1854
79
Confederate States of America
Nation proclaimed in Montgomery, Alabama, in February 1861 after the seven states of the Lower South seceded from the United States
80
John Brown's Raid
New England abolitionist John Brown’s ill-fated attempt to free Virginia’s slaves with a raid on the federal arsenal at Harper's Ferry, Virginia in 1859
81
Republican Party
Party that emerged in the 1850s in the aftermath of the bitter controversy over the Kansas-Nebraska Act, consisting of former Whigs, some northern Democrats, and many Know-Nothings.
82
Lincoln
Series of debates in the 1858 Illinois senatorial campaign during which Democrat Stephen A. Douglas and Republican Abraham Lincoln staked out their differing opinions on the issue of slavery in the territories
83
Constitutional Union Party
National party formed in 1860, mainly by former Whigs, that emphasized allegiance to the Union and strict enforcement of all national legislation
84
Compromise of 1850
The four step compromise that admitted California as a free state, allowed the residents of the New Mexico and Utah territories to decide the slavery issue for themselves, ended the slave trade in the District of Columbia, and passed a new fugitive slave law to enforce the constitutional provision stating that a slave escaping into a free state shall be delivered back to the owner
85
Wilmot Proviso
The amendment offered by Pennsylvania Democrat David Wilmot in 1846 which stipulated that “as an express and fundamental condition to the acquisition of any territory from the Republic of Mexico… neither slavery no involuntary servitude shall every exist in any part of said territory.”
86
Fugitive Slave Act
Law, part of the Compromise of 1850, that required authorities in the North to assist southern slave catchers and return runaway slaves to their owners
87
"Bleeding Kansas"
Violence between pro- and antislavery forces in Kansas Territory after the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854
88
Kansas-Nebraska Act
Law passed in 1854 creating the Kansas and Nebraska Territories but leaving the question of slavery open to residents, thereby repealing the Missouri Compromise
89
Copperheads
A term Republicans applied to northern war dissenters and those suspected of aiding the Confederate cause during the Civil War
90
Radical Republicans
A shifting group of Republican congressmen, usually a substantial minority, who favored the abolition of slavery from the beginning of the Civil War and later advocated harsh treatment of the defeated South
91
Emancipation Proclamation
Decree announced by President Abraham Lincoln in September 1862 and formally issued on January 1, 1863, freeing slaves in all Confederate states still in rebellion
92
First Confiscation Act
Law passed by Congress in August 1861, it liberated only those slaves who had directly assisted the Confederate war effort or whose masters were openly disloyal to the Union
93
Second Confiscation Act
Law passed by Congress in July 1862 giving Union commanders the right to seize slave property as their armies marched through Confederate territory
94
Thirteenth Amendment
Constitutional amendment ratified in 1863 that freed all slaves throughout the United States
95
Lost cause
The phrase many white southerners applied to their Civil War defeat. They viewed the war as a noble cause and their defeat as only a temporary setback in the South’s ultimate vindication
96
Scalawags
Southern whites, mainly small landowning farmers and well-off merchants and planters, who supported the southern Republican Party during Reconstruction for diverse reasons; a disparaging term
97
Carpetbaggers
Pejorative term to describe northern transplants to the South, many of whom were Union soldiers who stayed in the South after the war
98
Ku Klux Klan
Perhaps the most prominent of the vigilante groups that terrorized black people in the South during the Reconstruction Era, founded by Confederate veterans in 1866
99
Redeemers
Southern Democrats who wrested control of governments in the former Confederacy from Republicans, often through electoral fraud and violence, beginning in 1870.
100
Compromise of 1877
The congressional settling of the 1876 election that installed Republican Rutherford B. Hayes in the White House and gave Democrats control of all state governments in the South
101
Fourteenth Amendment
Constitutional amendment passed by Congress in April 1866 incorporating some of the features of the Civil Rights Act of 1866. It prohibited states from violating the civil rights of their citizens and offered states the choice of allowing black people to vote or losing representation in Congress
102
Fifteenth Amendment
Passed by Congress in 1869, guaranteed the right of American men to vote, regardless of race
103
Freedmen's Bureau
Agency established by Congress in March 1865 to provide social, educational, and economic services, advice, and protection to former slaves and destitute whites; lasted seven years
104
Field order No. 15
Order by General William T. Sherman in January 1865 to set aside abandoned land along the southern Atlantic coast to 40-acre grants to freedmen; rescinded by President Andrew Johnson later that year
105
Sharecropping
Labor system that evolved during and after Reconstruction whereby landowners furnished laborers with a house, farm animals, and tools that advanced credit in exchange for a share of the laborers’ crop.
106
Black Codes
Laws passed by states and municipalities denying many rights of citizenship to free blacks before the Civil War. Also, during the Reconstruction era, laws passed by newly elected southern state legislatures to control black labor, mobility, and employment
107
Anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic sentiment gave rise to which party
"Know Nothing" Party
108
In the controversial Dred Scott decision, the Supreme Court declared what?
Enslaved people were not US citizens
109
Which state was formed when it seceded from the Confederacy?
West Virginia
110
Who did President Lincoln name as commander of all Union forces in March 1864?
Ulysses S. Grant
111
What happened to John Wilkes Booth?
Shot by soldier, died 3 hours later
112
Before the first battle of the Civil War, most people on both sides assumed what?
War should be over by Christmas, each thought their side would easily win
113
Which amendment called for equality before the law?
14th Amendment
114
Which amendment protected black's rights to vote?
15th amendment
115
Quakers
Members of the Society of Friends, a radical religious group that arose in the mid-seventeenth century. Quakers rejected formal theology and an educated ministry, focusing instead on the importance of the "Inner Light" or Holy Spirit that dwelt within them. Quakers were important in the founding of Pennsylvania
116
Puritans
Individuals who believed that Queen Elizabeth's reforms of the Church of England had not gone far enough in improving the church, particularly in ensuring that church members were among the saved. Led the settlement of the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
117
Seperatists
Members of an offshoot branch of Puritanism. Seperatists believed that the Church of England was too corrupt to be reformed and hence were convinced that they must "separate" from it to save their souls. Helped found Plymouth Colony
118
Pilgrims
Settlers of the Plymouth Colony, who viewed themselves as spiritual wanderers.
119
Mercantilism
Economic system whereby the government intervenes in the economy for the purpose of increasing national wealth
120
Virtual Representation
The notion that parliamentary members represented the interests of the nation as a whole, not those of the particular district that elected them
121
Actual representation
The practice whereby elected representatives normally reside in their districts and are directly responsive to local interests
122
Glorious Revolution
Bloodless revolt that occurred in England in 1688 when parliamentary leaders invited William of Orange, a Protestant, to assume the English throne.
123
Great Awakening
Tremendous religious revival in colonial America striking first in the Middle Colonies and New England in the 1740's and then spreading to the southern colonies.
124
Why did Anti-Jacksonians call themselves Whigs?
They viewed Jackson as a monarch and the original Whigs were opposed to the crown.
125
The “cult of domesticity” emphasized what?
According to this ideology, women should exist in the private, domestic sphere of the home, and should not venture into the public sphere for work like men do.
126
In the 1858 race for Senator from Illinois, Abraham Lincoln was opposed by who?
Stephen Douglas
127
Overall, regarding Reconstruction constitutional amendments and laws, the Supreme Court in the later part of the nineteenth century did what?
Declared African Americans not citizens and was detrimental to them
