The Black Death 4/21 - 5/12 Flashcards
(131 cards)
1
Q
What is the term used to describe the period after the fall of Rome?
A
Middle Ages (Dark Ages, Medieval Period)
This period is characterized by significant social, economic, and political changes in Europe.
2
Q
What were some economic changes in Europe after Rome fell?
A
- Disruption of trade
- Scarcity of money
- People flee cities
- Economy becomes agrarian
These changes led to a shift from urban to rural living and a focus on agriculture.
3
Q
What social changes occurred during the Middle Ages?
A
- Decline of learning
- Greek knowledge lost
- Romance languages emerge
- Fragmented
- Isolated
- Brutal
The loss of Greek knowledge and the emergence of Romance languages indicate significant cultural shifts.
4
Q
How did government structures change after the fall of Rome?
A
- Family ties
- Personal loyalty
- Loyalty to tribal leader, not king
- Small communities
This indicates a shift from centralized power to localized governance.
5
Q
What does Christendom refer to?
A
The ‘marriage of secular & religion’
This term highlights the integration of political and religious authority during the Middle Ages.
6
Q
What role did monasteries play during the Middle Ages?
A
Centers of learning
Monasteries were crucial in preserving knowledge and culture during this period.
7
Q
Who were the Benedictine Monks?
A
Monks who followed a strict code of conduct
They contributed significantly to learning and education in medieval society.
8
Q
What was the significance of Pope Gregory the Great?
A
- Power beyond spiritual
- Church money for: infrastructure, military, poor
- Mayor of Rome but responsible for all of Christendom (Europe)
His leadership exemplified the blend of spiritual and temporal authority in the Middle Ages.
9
Q
Who was Charles Martel?
A
Frankish leader who unofficially raised an army and loved battle.
10
Q
What significant battle did Charles Martel defeat Muslims?
A
Battle of Tours
11
Q
Who was Pepin ‘the Short’?
A
Son of Charles Martel who was asked by the Pope for help against the Lombards.
12
Q
What authority did the Pope give Pepin?
A
Authority to depose the king of Franks
13
Q
What was the Donation of Pepin?
A
Land given to the Pope/Church that became the papal states.
14
Q
What was the significance of the Donation of Pepin?
A
Established the Pope above kings.
15
Q
Who was Charlemagne?
A
Son of Pepin the Short, known for being 6’4” and having little formal education.
16
Q
What were Charlemagne’s notable characteristics?
A
Spoke several languages, jolly and laid back, loved his kids.
17
Q
What territories did Charlemagne oust?
A
Lombards from Italy, Saxons, Avars, and Moors.
18
Q
What significant event happened in 800 CE involving Charlemagne?
A
He was crowned Holy Roman Emperor in Rome.
19
Q
What did the crowning of Charlemagne symbolize?
A
Dramatized ties between the Church and the Franks.
20
Q
What were the regions of the Holy Roman Empire ruled by?
A
Counts
21
Q
What was the role of Missi dominici in the Holy Roman Empire?
A
Checked on counts.
22
Q
What was notable about the taxation system in the Holy Roman Empire?
A
There were no taxes; military was cost-free.
23
Q
How was military service organized in the Holy Roman Empire?
A
Through donations and mandatory military service from nobility.
24
Q
What contributions did the Holy Roman Empire make to education?
A
Founded schools and libraries.
25
Who was Louis Pious?
Son of Charlemagne.
26
What conflict arose after the death of Louis Pious?
His three sons fought over land.
27
What was the Treaty of Verdun?
Officially split the Holy Roman Empire, weakening it.
28
Who were the invaders that threatened the Holy Roman Empire?
Muslims, Magyars, Slavs, and Vikings.
29
What was a significant factor that forced exploration among the Vikings?
Food shortage.
30
Fill in the blank: The Holy Roman Empire was founded on _______.
[cost-free military and donations from nobility].
31
True or False: The Holy Roman Empire had a strong central government.
False
32
What does Europe look like during the Middle Ages?
Economically aquarian, politically strong local government, socially fragmented, religiously important church
## Footnote
The Middle Ages were characterized by a decentralized political structure and a reliance on local governance.
33
Define Feudalism.
A social/economic system where people work/fight for nobles who provide protection and land use
## Footnote
Feudalism was foundational in structuring medieval society.
34
What is a manor?
All the lord's land
## Footnote
The manor was the basic unit of landholding in the feudal system.
35
Who is considered a lord in the feudal system?
A large land owner
## Footnote
Lords held significant power and land in the feudal hierarchy.
36
What is a vassal?
A person who receives a fief in exchange for work or protection
## Footnote
Vassals were integral in the feudal relationships, providing loyalty and service.
37
What role did the Church play in the Middle Ages?
Landowners and centers of learning
## Footnote
The Church was a powerful institution influencing both social structure and education.
38
List the social classes in the Middle Ages.
* Nobility
* Those who work (peasants & serfs)
* Those who pray (members of church/monasteries)
* Those who fight (knights)
## Footnote
These classes determined one's role and status in medieval society.
39
What does the Feudal Pyramid illustrate?
The hierarchical relationships between classes in feudal society
## Footnote
The Feudal Pyramid represents the obligations and exchanges between different social classes.
40
How do nobles interact with peasants and serfs?
Nobles give land & protection in exchange for work and loyalty
## Footnote
This mutual obligation was essential for the functioning of feudal society.
41
What do nobles give to knights, and what do knights provide in return?
Nobles give knights land; knights give nobles protection
## Footnote
This relationship is crucial for the defense and stability of feudal domains.
42
What is the relationship between kings and nobles?
Kings give nobles land in exchange for protection
## Footnote
Kings relied on the loyalty and military support of nobles to maintain their rule.
43
What exchange occurs between the king and the Pope?
King gives Pope land in exchange for the right to rule
## Footnote
This illustrates the intertwining of political and religious authority during the Middle Ages.
44
What does the Pope provide to everyone in exchange for their tithe?
Faith and the promise of heaven
## Footnote
The Pope's spiritual authority was a key aspect of medieval life.
45
Fill in the blank: No land without a _______.
master
## Footnote
This phrase reflects the dependency of landholders on their lords in the feudal system.
46
Fill in the blank: No land without a _______.
lord
## Footnote
This emphasizes the hierarchical structure of feudal society.
47
What is the education path from squire to knight?
Squire (I4) to knight (21)
## Footnote
This education includes hunting, sword fighting, and assisting a knight.
48
What must a knight be in terms of birth?
Must be of noble birth
49
Which group is credited with the origin of the concept of a knight on horseback with a lance?
Franks
50
What does the term 'Chevalerie' refer to?
Skills in handling a horse
51
What is the Code of Chivalry?
A code of conduct for knights
52
What are the armor-piercing weapons in a knight's arsenal?
Armor Piercing: [specific weapons not listed]
53
What type of long-range weapon was used during medieval times?
long bow
54
What was the expectation of women in medieval society?
strict obedience
55
At what age were women typically married in medieval times?
by 12
56
How many women were able to read and write during medieval times?
few able to read & write
57
How were children treated in medieval society?
considered & treated as small adults
58
At what age did children typically start working?
by 7
59
What is a common phrase used to describe peasants?
"Jack of all Trades"
60
What were some specialized trades for peasants?
* blacksmith
* tanner
* carpenter
61
What were common issues faced by peasants?
disease & famine common
62
Why did peasants rarely take their clothes off?
baths are expensive & thought dangerous
63
Describe the typical living conditions of peasants.
2 room homes (kept animals indoors during winter)
64
What political rights did peasants have?
no political rights
65
What type of literature is characterized by epic poetry?
poems telling story of a hero
66
Name one example of epic poetry from medieval literature.
song of Roland
67
Who were troubadours?
poet musicians who performed at castle & courts
68
What does the Concordat of Worms establish regarding church titles?
Church grants church titles but king has veto power
## Footnote
This agreement ends the practice of simony.
69
What were Frederick Barbarossa's interests in Italy?
Interested in wealth of Italy, against papal authority, brutally attacks cities
## Footnote
His actions upset merchants and the Pope.
70
What coalition did Italian merchants and the Pope form against Frederick Barbarossa?
Lombard League
## Footnote
The Lombard League ultimately wins, benefiting the Pope.
71
What is significant about Pope Innocent III's papacy?
Height of papal power, largest land holding than any other Pope
## Footnote
He was smart and very well educated.
72
What role does the Pope play in relation to the emperor and secular disputes?
Pope is on top, settles secular disputes
## Footnote
Both the Emperor and the Pope serve the church.
73
What was the conflict between King John and Pope Innocent III?
Pope threatens interdiction, King John publicly becomes Pope's vassal
## Footnote
This highlights the Pope's influence over monarchs.
74
How many kings did Pope Innocent III overthrow?
Overthrows 2 kings
## Footnote
This demonstrates his significant political power.
75
What significant event occurred in Ancient Jerusalem?
Conquered by Arabs
## Footnote
This marked the beginning of a series of conflicts over the holy land.
76
Which group threatened Asia Minor and engaged in religious persecution?
Selijuk Turks
## Footnote
Their aggressive expansion prompted a response from the Christian world.
77
Who called for a Crusade to regain the holy land?
Pope Urban
## Footnote
This was part of the broader context of the religious conflicts of the era.
78
What was one religious reason for joining the Crusade?
Forgiveness of sin
## Footnote
Participants believed they would receive spiritual benefits.
79
What was the promise of an automatic pass to heaven associated with?
Joining the Crusade
## Footnote
This belief motivated many to participate in the holy war.
80
What threat was associated with not joining the Crusade?
Threat of hell
## Footnote
Many were influenced by the fear of eternal damnation.
81
What worldly benefits were promised to those who joined the Crusade?
* Debts cancelled
* No punishments for criminals
* Adventures
* Lure of land/plunders
* Opportunity for trade
## Footnote
These factors made the Crusade appealing to many beyond just spiritual reasons.
82
What were the Crusades?
Holy wars to regain Holy Land
## Footnote
The Crusades were a series of religious wars sanctioned by the Latin Church during the medieval period.
83
Who primarily participated in the 1st Crusade?
Mostly French
## Footnote
The 1st Crusade was mainly composed of French knights and soldiers.
84
What was the outcome of the 1st Crusade?
French capture Jerusalem and establish 4 crusader states
## Footnote
The 1st Crusade led to the establishment of several states in the Holy Land.
85
How did Christians and Muslims coexist after the 1st Crusade?
Peacefully coexist
## Footnote
Following the 1st Crusade, there was a period where Christians and Muslims lived together without major conflict.
86
What prompted the 2nd Crusade?
Turks are back
## Footnote
The resurgence of Turkish power in the region was a significant factor for the initiation of the 2nd Crusade.
87
Which forces joined together in the 2nd Crusade?
France & HRE
## Footnote
The Kingdom of France and the Holy Roman Empire joined forces during the 2nd Crusade.
88
What was the result of the 2nd Crusade?
Only keep Jerusalem
## Footnote
The 2nd Crusade failed to expand beyond retaining control of Jerusalem.
89
Who were the key figures in the 3rd Crusade?
Richard Lion Heart, Frederick Barbarossa, Philip Augustus
## Footnote
These leaders from England, Germany, and France played significant roles in the 3rd Crusade.
90
What was a notable failure in the strategy of the 3rd Crusade?
Avoids diplomacy
## Footnote
The failure to engage in diplomatic efforts contributed to the high casualty rate.
91
How many died in the 3rd Crusade?
30,000
## Footnote
The 3rd Crusade was marked by significant loss of life.
92
Who recaptured Jerusalem during the 3rd Crusade?
Saladin
## Footnote
Saladin was the Muslim military leader known for his victories against the Crusaders.
93
Who initiated the 4th Crusade?
Pope Innocent
## Footnote
Pope Innocent III called for the 4th Crusade with the intention of reclaiming Jerusalem.
94
What was a major issue faced during the 4th Crusade?
Corruption (knights excommunicated)
## Footnote
The 4th Crusade was plagued by corruption and internal strife among the knights.
95
What significant event occurred as a result of the 4th Crusade?
Fall of Constantinople
## Footnote
The 4th Crusade led to the capture and sacking of Constantinople, a pivotal moment in history.
96
What happened during the Children’s Crusade?
Sold as slaves
## Footnote
Many children who participated in the Children’s Crusade ended up being sold into slavery.
97
What were some challenges to trade before the Crusades?
• Little money
• Poor roads
• Lords charge for use of roads
• Thieves
• Church rules: just price, prohibition of profit from resale, no usury
## Footnote
Church rules limited trade practices, impacting economic growth.
98
What items did Crusaders bring back that sparked interest in eastern goods?
• Medicine
• Gold
• Spices
• Perfumes
• Furs
• Textiles
## Footnote
The return of Crusaders led to increased demand for luxury items from the East.
99
What were fairs known for during the time of the Crusades?
• Popular events
• Entertainment
• Merchants and people travel to attend
## Footnote
Fairs became central to trade and social interaction.
100
What was the significance of learning during the Crusades?
• Reintroduction to Greco-Roman ideas
• Muslims as helpers in knowledge
• Interest in literature
## Footnote
The Crusades facilitated cultural exchanges that enriched European knowledge.
101
How did literature evolve during the Crusades?
• Literature in local vernaculars
• Examples: Chaver, Canterbury Tales
• University of Bologna
• Focus on math and philosophy
## Footnote
The shift to vernacular literature made knowledge more accessible.
102
How did the feudal system change as a result of the Crusades?
• Kings gain wealth and power
• Right to tax merchants
• Need for stability
• Kings seek to weaken nobles
## Footnote
The Crusades altered the balance of power by strengthening kings at the expense of nobles.
103
What led to the decline of serfdom during the Crusades?
• Plague reduces workforce
• Popularity of towns
• Serfs flee to towns
## Footnote
The labor shortage created opportunities for serfs to seek better conditions.
104
What were some characteristics of the Commercial Revolution?
• Economic and cultural shift in late Middle Ages
• Guilds: associations of merchants and craftsmen
• Banking: loans, deposits, transfers
• Recovery of European economy
• Rise of middle class
## Footnote
The Commercial Revolution marked a significant transformation in European economic practices.
105
What conflicts arose between the Church and the monarchy during the Crusades?
• People feel the Church hinders new learning
• Pope Boniface vs. King Philip
• Fight over taxes leads to Pope's arrest
## Footnote
Tensions between the Church and secular power were exacerbated during this period.
106
Fill in the blank: The _______ led to increased trade and the emergence of a market economy.
[Commercial Revolution]
107
True or False: The Church supported the rise of banking during the Commercial Revolution.
False
## Footnote
Initially, the Church had strict usury rules that limited banking practices.
108
What is the primary spiritual role of the church?
Instruct in faith
## Footnote
The church teaches its followers about faith and salvation.
109
What is the hope of salvation associated with the church?
Escape hell
## Footnote
Salvation is often linked to avoiding eternal damnation.
110
What are sacraments?
Christian rituals
## Footnote
Sacraments are sacred rites recognized in Christianity.
111
What is the church hierarchy from highest to lowest?
* Pope
* Archbishop
* Bishop
* Priests
## Footnote
This hierarchy demonstrates the structure and leadership within the church.
112
What is the church's role in the economy?
Largest landowner
## Footnote
The church historically owned a significant amount of land, influencing economic power.
113
What is canon law?
Church law
## Footnote
Canon law governs the organization and practices of the church.
114
What are the two church weapons mentioned?
* Excommunication
* Interdiction
## Footnote
These are methods the church used to exert control and power over individuals and leaders.
115
What does excommunication entail?
Exclusion from the Catholic Church
## Footnote
This is a severe penalty for those who violate church teachings.
116
What does interdiction mean?
Services & sacraments not performed in king's land
## Footnote
Interdiction was a way to deny religious services to a ruler's realm.
117
How did the church serve as a unifying force?
Break from life
## Footnote
The church provided a sense of community and unity among Christians.
118
What is heresy?
Speaking out against the church
## Footnote
Heresy was viewed as a serious offense within church doctrine.
119
What is simony?
Pay for church job
## Footnote
Simony refers to the act of buying or selling ecclesiastical privileges.
120
Who rules Germany and assists the Pope in Italy?
Holy Roman Emperor
## Footnote
The Holy Roman Emperor had significant political and religious influence.
121
What is lay investiture?
Secular individual appoints religious title
## Footnote
This practice was controversial as it involved secular authority over church appointments.
122
What did the successors of the Holy Roman Emperor do?
Follow his example
## Footnote
This indicates the continuation of practices established by the emperor.
123
What was the primary cause of the Black Death?
Bubonic Plague caused by bacteria transmitted by fleas
## Footnote
The Black Death occurred between 1347 and 1351.
124
What was one method used to attempt to stop the plague?
Quarantine
## Footnote
This involved isolating individuals to prevent the spread of the disease.
125
What were Flagellants during the Black Death?
Self-inflicted 'penance' for forgiveness of sins
## Footnote
Flagellants believed that their suffering would appease divine wrath.
126
What was one consequence of the Black Death on religion?
The church loses prestige
## Footnote
The church failed to provide cures or explanations for the plague.
127
What was a significant impact of the Black Death on the clergy?
Shortage of clergy
## Footnote
Many monks, priests, and nuns died while caring for the sick.
128
How did the Black Death affect labor and wages?
Shortage of laborers led to rising wages for peasants and artisans
## Footnote
Valuable artisan skills disappeared due to the high mortality rate.
129
What economic effect did the oversupply of goods have after the Black Death?
Prices dropped and standard of living increased
## Footnote
The abundance of goods led to a decrease in prices.
130
What demand arose among the oppressed following the Black Death?
Demand for fairer treatment
## Footnote
The social upheaval led to calls for better conditions and rights.
131
What was a consequence of a lack of sufficient law enforcement personnel after the plague?
Lawlessness
## Footnote
The breakdown of societal order resulted in increased crime and disorder.
