Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Y4 SA - Ophthalmology > The blind eye > Flashcards

The blind eye Flashcards

(47 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is pigment in the cornea (pigmentary keratitis) a sign of?

A
  • chronic irritation in the cornea
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Differentials for vision loss in a dog

A
  • glaucoma
  • optic neuritis
  • progressive retinal atrophy
  • cataract
  • systemic hypertension
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What CS does progressive retinal atrophy start with?

A
  • night vision impairment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the signs of retinal detachment?

A
  • retinal haemorrhage
  • virtual haemorrhage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What part of the eye is affected by cataracts?

A
  • lens
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What part of the eye does pigmentary keratitis affect?

A
  • cornea
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What part of the eye does optic neuritis affect?

A
  • optic nerve
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How can you differentiate between nuclear sclerosis and cataracts?

A

Nuclear sclerosis
- tapetal reflex is intact

Cataracts
- tapetal reflex is not intact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Ddx for sudden vision loss with milky eyes and PUPD?

A
  • cataracts
  • glaucoma
  • encephalopathy due to metabolic dz (liver shunts, renal dz, hypoglycaemia, hypothyroidism)
  • neoplasia (meningiomas and gliomas are common)
  • GME
  • global cerebral ischaemia
  • retinal inflammation
  • SARDS (sudden acquired retinal detachment syndrome)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Is an IOP of 12 and 10mmHg normal?

A
  • yes but low end
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

If there is no menace response can the animal see?

A
  • no
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

If an animal is blind, why can the PLR remain?

A
  • the retina may still be intact
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How does DM cause cataracts?

A
  • increased glucose: hexokinase pathway is overwhelmed producing sorbitol so there is an osmotic effect within lens and water is absorbed
  • lens fibres swell and turn white
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How fast can diabetic animals go blind?

A
  • hours to days
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What % of animals with diabetes go blind in 6 months?

A
  • 50%
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What % of animals with diabetes go blind in 12 months?

A
  • 100%
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the name for cataract sx?

A
  • phacoemulsification
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the 4 broad categories of cataracts?

A
  • incipient
  • immature
  • mature
  • hypermature

Rough order of how much cataract there is

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

When presented with a JRT with a cloudy sore eye, what should you assume the diagnosis is?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • anterior lens luxation
20
Q

Acute glaucomas - CS

Study These Flashcards
A
  • pain, blepharospasm, altered behaviour
  • red eye (engorged episcleral vessels, corneal vascularisation)
  • corneal oedema
  • fixed dilated pupil
  • vision loss
  • raised IOP (over 40mmHg)
21
Q

How does vision loss show in reflex tests?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • negative menace
  • negative dazzle
  • negative PLR
22
Q

Chronic glaucoma - causes

Study These Flashcards
A
  • globe enlargement (buphthalmia)
  • corneal changes
  • lens luxation
  • cataracts
23
Q

Chronic glaucoma - tx

24
Q

Causes of glaucoma

Study These Flashcards
A

Primary: developmental abnormality e.g. goniodysgenesis
- breed-related

Secondary
- uveitis
- lens luxation (breed-related [terriers])
- neoplasia

25
Importance of glaucoma
Blinding - damage to optic nerve head: disrupting microcirculation and axoplasmic flow with retinal ganglion cell axons Painful Tx is challenging - needs urgent ID and tx - IOP often hard to control - may require enucleation
26
What protective mechanisms exist to prevent the eye becoming inflamed?
- anti-oxidants - blood-ocular barrier
27
What structure is the only lymphatic drainage in the eye?
- conjunctiva
28
What is uveitis?
= inflammation of the uvea - increased blood supply - increased vessel permeability - WBC migrations Uvea = iris, ciliary body, choroid(?)
29
Uveitis - CS
- pain (blepharospasm, epiphora, photophobia) - red eye (conjunctival and episcleral hyperaemia) - miosis, swollen dull iris, rubeosis iridis - inflammation in anterior chamber -> aqueous flare, hypopyon, hyphaema, keratin precipitate - corneal oedema - low IOP
30
What are the secondary consequences of uveitis?
- synechiae - secondary glaucoma - cataracts - lens luxation - retinal changes - vision loss
31
Uveitis - causes
Trauma - corneal ulcer Infection - septicaemia e.g. from pyo - FIV, FeLV, FIP, toxoplasmosis Immune-mediated - lens-induced (cataract) Metabolic - hyperlipidaemia Neoplastic - FDIM (feline diffuse iris melanoma) - lymphoma
32
Uveitis - diagnostic approach
- ophthalmic exam - full physical exam ± - blood profile - infectious dz profile - radiography - US - cytology/histopath - ? specialised referral
33
Uveitis tx
- tx underlying cause if possible - topical anti-inflammatories (steroids and NSAIDs) - topical atropine
34
Local causes of intraocular haemorrhage
- trauma - glaucoma - uveitis - ocular neoplasia - persistent hyaloid vasculature
35
Systemic causes of intraocular haemorrhage?
- thrombocytopaenia - coagulopathies - systemic neoplasia - systemic hypertension - polycythaemia
36
What are oriental short hair cats prone to?
- progressive retinal atrophy - glaucoma - amyloidosis
37
What is feline hypertensive retinopathy?
- disease of the retina that is caused by an abnormally high blood pressure (systemic hypertension)
38
Tx for hypertensive chorioretinopathy
- amlodipine (0.625-1.25mg/cat) q24h PO - may need ACEi, angiotensin receptor blockers or beta-blockers in addition - re-check in 24-48h - address underlying cause of hypertension
39
What are the 3 inherited retinal diseases?
- generalised progressive retinal atrophy (gPRA) - retinal dysplasia - collie eye anomaly
40
What are the 3 acquired retinal diseases?
- retina detachment and haemorrhage - posterior uveitis (chorioretinitis) - SARDS (sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome)
41
What is gPRA?
- range of inherited retinal diseases (developmental and degenerative) involving photoreceptor atrophy - important cause of inherited blindness in pedigree dogs e.g. mini poodles, retrievers, spaniels - bilateral symmetrical degeneration of neurosensory retina - no tx - genetic tests available
42
gPRA CS
- gradual vision loss - secondary cataract common
43
What does a fundus with advanced gPRA look like?
- vascular attenuation - pale optic disc - tapetal hyper-reflectivity - (bit like a blossom tree)
44
How do dogs with SARDS present?
- middle-aged to older dogs - acute vision loss - dilated pupils - absent PLR - fundus appears normal in early stages
45
How can SARDS be diagnosed?
- electroretinogram: no photoreceptor activity (flat trace)
46
Is there tx for SARDS?
- no
47
Can optic neuritis cause blindness?
- yes

Y4 SA - Ophthalmology (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions