The Body Flashcards
(237 cards)
1
Q
abdomen
A
space below the chest that contains organs such as the stomach, liver, intestines, and gallbladder. Lies between the diaphragm and the pelvis
2
Q
adenoids
A
enlarged lymphatic tissue in the upper part of the throat near the nasal passageways
3
Q
adnexa uteri
A
accessory structures of the uterus (ovaries and fallopian tubes)
4
Q
adrenal cortex
A
outermost part of the adrenal gland. Secretes steroid hormones such as glucocorticoids (cortisone)
5
Q
adrenal glands
A
two endocrine glands, each above a kidney. Produce hormones such as adrenaline (epinephrine) and hydrocortisone (cortisol)
6
Q
adrenaline
A
hormone secreted by the adrenal glands. Released into bloodstream in response to stress, such as from fear or physical injury. Also known as epinephrine
7
Q
adrenocorticotropic hormone
A
hormone secreted by the pituitary gland. Stimulates the adrenal gland (cortex or outer region) to secrete the hormone cortisone. Also called ACTH
8
Q
albuminuria
A
albumin (protein) found in urine; it indicates a malfunction of the kidney
9
Q
Air sacs
A
thin-walled sacs within the lung. Inhaled oxygen passes into the blood from the sacs, and carbon dioxide passes out from the blood into the sacs to be exhaled
10
Q
albumin
A
a large-molecule protein found in blood and tissues
11
Q
alkaline phophatase
A
an enzyme present in blood and body tissues, such as bone and liver. Elevated in diseases such as those of bone and liver
12
Q
alveolar
A
pertaining to air sacs (alveoli) within the lungs
13
Q
alveolus
A
an air sac within the lung
14
Q
androgen
A
hormone that controls the development of masculine characteristics
15
Q
angiotensin
A
hormone that is a powerful vasoconstrictor and raises blood pressure
16
Q
anterior
A
located in the front
17
Q
aorta
A
largest artery, leads from lower left chamber of heart to arteries all over the body
18
Q
apex
A
pointed end of an organ
19
Q
appendix
A
small sac that hangs from the juncture of the small and large intestines in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen
20
Q
arachnoid membrane
A
the middle membrane of the meninges
21
Q
arteriole
A
small artery
22
Q
artery
A
largest blood vessel, carry blood away from heart
23
Q
AST
A
aspartate transferase, enzyme normally present in blood and tissues such as heart and liver
24
Q
atrium
A
upper chamber of the heart
25
auditory canal
passageway leading into ear from outside of body
26
auditory nerve
nerve that carries messages from the inner ear to the brain
27
aural discharge
fluid or material from the ear
28
axial
pertaining to an axis. Axial views are seen in CT and MRI scans
29
axillary
pertaining to the armpit or underarm
30
bilateral
pertaining to two sides
31
bile
yellow or orange fluid produced by the liver. Breaks up large fat globules and helps in digestion of fats
32
bile duct
tube that carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the intestine
33
bilirubin
a red blood cell pigment excreted with bile from the liver into the intestine (released from hemoglobin breakdown and processed in the liver)
34
bone
hard, rigid type of connective tissue that makes up most of the skeleton
35
bone marrow
soft, sponge-like material in inner part of bones
36
bronchial tube
one of two tubes that carry air from the trachea to the lungs
37
bronchiole
small bronchial tube
38
bursa
sac of fluid near a joint
39
calcaneus
heel bone
40
callus
bony deposit formed between and around the broken ends of a fractured bone. Also, a painless thickening of skin cells in areas of external pressure or friction
41
capillary
smallest blood vessel
42
carpals
wrist bones
43
cartilage
flexible, fibrous connective tissue, found as part of the nose, ears, trachea, larynx and chiefly attached to bones at joints
44
cauda equina
bundle of nerve fibers and nerve roots extending from the end of the spinal cord (L3) to the sacral and coccygeal nerves (latin for horse's tail, which describes its appearance)
45
cephalic
pertaining to the head
46
caudal
pertaining to the tail or the lower portion of the body
47
cerebellum
lower, back part of brain that coordinates muscle movement and balance
48
cerebrospinal fluid
fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord
49
cerebrum
largest part of brain, controls thought processes, hearing, speech, vision and body movements
50
cervical
pertaining to the neck of the body or the neck of the uterus
51
cervical region/cervical vertebra
seven backbones in area of the neck
52
cholesterol
fatty substance made in the liver and found in the bloodstream. Important part of all cells and is necessary for creating hormones. It may accumulate in the lining of arteries, such as in the heart, causing heart disease, or in the gallbladder to form gallstones. Normal adult levels are 120 to 200 mg/dL
53
clavicle
collarbone
54
coccygeal
pertaining to the tailbone (coccyx)
55
coccygeal region
four fused bones at the base of the spinal column
56
connective tissue
fibrous tissue that supports and connects internal organs, bones, and walls of blood vessels
57
corium
middle layer of the skin below the epidermis; (dermis)
58
cornea
transparent layer over the front of the eye; bends light to focus it on sensitive cells at the back of the eye
59
coronary arteries
blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood from the aorta to the heart muscle
60
cortex
outer part of an organ
61
costochondral
pertaining to a rib and its cartilage
62
cranial cavity
space surrounded by the skull and containing the brain and other organs
63
creatinine
nitrogen-containing waste that is removed from the blood by the kidney and excreted in urine
64
cross-section
division of an organ or the body into upper and lower portions (transverse plane)
65
cusp
any one of the small flaps on the valves of the heart. Also, a sharp projection extending from the surface of a tooth
66
dermal
pertaining to the skin
67
dermis
fibrous mdidle layer of the skin below the epidermis. Contains nerves and blood vessels, hair roots, and oil and sweat glands
68
diaphragm
muscle that separates the chest from the abdomen
69
disk
pad of cartilage that is between each backbone
70
diverticula
small pouches or sacs created by herniation of mucous membrane linings, most commonly in the colon
71
duodenal
pertaining to the duodenum
72
duodenum
first part of the small intestine
73
dura mater
outermost of the three layers of the meninges surrounding the brain and the spinal cord. Toughest of the three layers
74
eardrum
membrane separating the outer and middle parts of the ear; the tympanic membrane
75
electrolyte
substance that conducts an electrical current and is found in blood (serum) and body cells. Examples: sodium, potassium, calcium and chloride
76
embryo
organism in early stage of development, 2-6 weeks
77
endocrine glands
organs that produce (secrete) hormones
78
endoscope
instrument used to view a hollow organ or body cavity
79
enteric
pertaining to the small intestine
80
epidermis
outer layer of the skin
81
epiglottis
flap of cartilage that covers the mouth of the trachea when swallowing, occurs so that food cannot enter the airway
82
esophagus
tube leading from throat to stomach
83
esophageal
pertaining to the esophagus
84
eustachian tube
channel connecting the middle part of the ear with the throat
85
exocrine glands
glands that produce (secrete) chemicals that leave the body through tubes (ducts), e.g. tears, sweat
86
extracranial
pertaining to outside of skull
87
extrahepatic
pertaining to outside the liver
88
extrapulmonary
outside the lungs
89
femur
thigh bone
90
fetus
from 8 weeks until birth
91
gallbladder
sac below the liver that stores bile and delivers it to the small intestine
92
gland
group of cells that secretes chemicals to the outside of the body or hormones directly into the bloodstream
93
glial cells
supporting cells of nervous tissue in the brain. Examples include astrocytes, microglia and oligodendroglia. Source of primary brain tumors
94
glucocorticoid
hormone secreted by the adrenal gland (cortex) to raise blood sugar levels, e.g. cortisone and cortisol
95
growth hormone
hormone secreted by the pituitary gland to stimulate the growth of bones and the body in general. Also called somatotropin
96
hepatic
pertaining to the liver
97
high-density lipoprotein
combination of fat and protein in the blood. Carries cholesterol to the liver
98
hilum
depression at that part of an organ where blood vessels and nerves enter
99
hormone
chemical made by a gland and sent directly into the bloodstream, not to the outside of the body
100
humerus
upper arm bone
101
ilium
side, high portion of the hip bone (pelvis)
102
inguinal
pertaining to the groin
103
insulin
hormone produced by pancreas and released into bloodstream, allows sugar to leave blood and enter body cells
104
intervertebral
pertaining to lying between two backbones
105
intra-abdominal
pertaining to within the abdomen
106
intravesical
pertaining to within the urinary bladder
107
jejunum
second part of small intestine
108
laryngeal
pertaining to the larynx
109
larynx
located at top of trachea and containing vocal cords
110
lateral
pertaining to the side
111
lens
structure behind pupil of eye that bends light rays so they are properly focused on the retina at the back of the eye
112
liver
organ in upper right quadrant of abdomen; produces bile, stores sugar, produces blood-clotting proteins
113
low-density lipoprotein
has high cholesterol content and is associated with formation of plaques in arteries
114
lumbar
pertaining to the loins; part of the back and sides between the chest and the hip
115
lumbar region
pertaining to the backbones that lie between the thoracic and sacral vertebrae
116
lumbar vertebra
a backbone in the region between the chest and lower back
117
lung capillaries
tiny blood vessels surrounding lung tissue and through which gases pass into and out of the bloodstream
118
lymphatic vessels
carry lymph from tissues to bloodstream
119
mediastinal
pertaining to the mediastinum
120
mediastinum
space between the lungs in the chest. Contains the heart, large blood vessels, trachea, esophagus, thymus gland, and lymph nodes
121
medulla oblongata
lower part of the brain near the spinal cord. Controls breathing and heartbeat
122
medullary
pertaining to the inner, or soft, part of an organ
123
meninges
membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord
124
menorrhea
normal discharge of blood and tissue from the uterine lining during menstruation
125
metacarpals
bones of the hand between the wrist bones (carpals) and the finger bones (phalanges)
126
hypochondriac
pertaining to lateral regions of the upper abdomen beneath the lower ribs. Also, describes a person who has chronic concern about his or her health and body functions
127
hypodermic
pertaining to under or below the skin
128
hypophyseal
pertaining to the pituitary gland
129
ligament
connective tissue that joins bones to other bones
130
ligamentous
pertaining to a ligament
131
metatarsals
foot bones
132
monocyte
white blood cell with one large nucleus
133
muscle
connective tissue that contracts to make movements possible
134
musculoskeletal system
organs that support the body and allow it to move, including the muscles, bones, joints and connective tissues
135
myelin sheath
fatty covering around part (axon) of nerve cells. Insulates the nerve, helping to speed conduction of nerve impulses
136
myocardial
pertaining to the muscle of the heart
137
neonatal
pertaining to new birth; the first 4 weeks after birth
138
nervous system
organs (brain, spinal cord and nerves) that transmit electrical messages throughout the body
139
neural
pertaining to nerves
140
nevus
pigmented lesion on the skin; a mole
141
ocular
pertaining to the eye
142
optic nerve
nerve in the back of the eye that transmits light waves to the brain
143
organ
independent part of the body composed of different tissues working together to do a specific job
144
pancreas
gland that produces digestive juices (exocrine function) and the hormone insulin (endocrine function)
145
parathyroid glands
four endocrine glands behind the thyroid gland. Concerned with maintaining the proper levels of calcium in the blood and bones
146
parathyroid hormone
hormone secreted by the parathyroid glands to maintain a constant concentration of calcium in the blood and bones
147
patella
kneecap
148
pelvic
pertaining to the bones of the hip area
149
pelvic cavity
space contained within the hip bones (front and sides) and the lower part of the backbone (sacrum and coccyx)
150
pelvis
lower part of the trunk of the body including the hip bone, tailbone, and sacrum
151
percutaneous
pertaining to through the skin
152
perianal
pertaining to surrounding the anus
153
pericardium
membrane surrounding the heart
154
periosteum
membrane that surrounds bone
155
peritoneal
pertaining to the peritoneum
156
peritoneal fluid
fluid produced in the abdominal cavity
157
peritoneum
membrane that surrounds the abdomen and holds the abdominal organs in place
158
phalanges
finger and toe bones
159
pharyngeal
pertaining to the pharynx (throat)
160
pharynx
organ behind the mouth that receives swallowed fod and delivers it into the esophagus. Also receives air from the nose and passes it to the trachea
161
phrenic
pertaining to diaphragm
162
pilosebaceous
pertaining to hair and its associated sebaceous gland
163
pineal gland
small endocrine gland within the brain that secretes the hormone melatonin. In lower animals, is a receptor for light
164
pituitary gland
organ at the base of the brain that secretes hormones. These enter the blood to regulate other organs and endocrine glands
165
platelet
cell in the blood that aids clotting; a thrombocyte
166
pleura
double membrane that surrounds the lungs
167
pleural cavity
space between each pleura surrounding the lung
168
pneumothorax
abnormal accumulation of air in the space between the pleurae
169
posteroanterior
pertaining to direction from back to front
170
posterior
located in the back portion of a structure or of the body
171
progesterone
hormone secreted by the ovaries to prepare to maintain the uterine lining during pregnancy
172
prostate gland
male gland that surrounds base of urinary bladder. Produces semen.
173
pulmonary
pertaining to the lungs
174
pulmonary artery
artery carrying blood from the right ventricle to the lungs
175
pulmonary circulation
passage of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart
176
pupil
black centre of eye through which light enters
177
radius
one of two lower arm bones. Located on the thumb side of the hand
178
rectum
end of colon. Delivers wastes to the anus for elimination
179
renal
pertaining to the kidney
180
renal pelvis
central section of the kidney where urine collects
181
retina
layer of sensitive cells at the back of the eye. Light is focused on the retina and then transmitted to the optic nerve, which leads to the brain
182
retrogastric
pertaining to behind the stomach
183
retroperitoneal
pertaining to behind the peritoneum
184
rib
one of twelve paired bones surrounding the chest. Seven ribs (true ribs) attach directly to the breastbone, three (false ribs) attach to the seventh rib, and two (floating ribs) are not attached at all
185
sacral
pertaining to the sacrum
186
sacral region
five fused bones in the loewr back, below the lumbar bones and wedged between two parts of the hip (ileum)
187
sacrum
triangular bone in the lower back, below the lumbar bones and formed by five fused bones
188
sagittal plane
an imaginary plane that divides an organ or the body into right and left portions. Midsagittal plane divides a structure equally into right and left halves
189
scapula
shoulder bone
190
sclera
white, outer coat of eyeball
191
sella turcica
cup-like depression at the base of the skull that holds the pituitary gland
192
sigmoid colon
S-shaped lower portion of the colon
193
sinus
a cavity or space, such as in a bone. Also refers to sinoatrial node or pacemaker of the heart
194
small intestine
organ that receives food from the stomach. Divided into the duodenum, jejunum and ileum
195
spinal cavity
space in the back that contains the spinal cord and is surrounded by the backbones
196
spleen
organ in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen. Stores blood cells and destroys red blood cells while producing white blood cells (lymphocytes)
197
sternum
breastbone
198
subcostal
pertaining to below the ribs
199
subcutaneous tissue
lower layer of the skin composed of fatty tissue
200
subgastric
pertaining to below the stomach
201
subhepatic
pertaining to below the liver
202
subscapular
pertaining to under the shoulder bone
203
subtotal
less than total
204
subungual
pertaining to under a nail
205
suprarenal glands
two endocrine glands, each located above a kidney
206
systemic circulation
passage of blood from the heart to tissues of body and back to heart
207
systemic lupus erythematosus
chronic inflammatory disease affecting many systems of the body (joints, skin, kidneys and nerves). Red (erythematous) rash over the nose and cheeks is characteristic
208
tendon
connective tissue that joins muscles to bones
209
thoracic
pertaining to the chest
210
thoracic cavity
space above abdomen that contains heart, lungs, and other organs
211
thoracic region
backbones attached to ribs and located in the region of the chest, between the neck and the waist
212
thrombocyte
clotting cell; platelet
213
thymus gland
endocrine gland in the middle of the chest that produces the hormone thymosin. Much larger in children, aids immune system by stimulating the production of lymphocytes
214
thyroid gland
endocrine gland in the neck that produces hormones that act on cells all over the body. The hormones increase activity of cells by stiulating metabolism and release of energy
215
thyroid-stimulating hormone
hormone secreted by the pituitary gland to stimulate the thyroid gland to produce its hormones, such as thyroxine
216
thyroxine
hormone secreted by the thyroid gland
217
tibia
larger of the two lower leg bones; the shin bone
218
tissue capillaries
tiny blood vessels that lie near cells and through whose walls gases, food and waste materials pass
219
tonsils
llymphatic tissue in the back of the mouth near the throat
220
trachea
tube that carries air from the throat to the bronchial tubes
221
transabdominal
pertaining to across the abdomen
222
transdermal
pertaining to through the skin
223
transgastric
pertaining to through/across the stomach
224
transhepatic
pertaining to across/through the liver
225
transurethral
pertaining to across/through the urethra
226
transverse plane
imaginary plane that divides an organ or the body into an upper and a lower portion; a cross-sectional view
227
tricuspid valve
fold of tissue between the upper and lower chambers on the right side of the heart. Has three cusps or points and prevents backflow of blood into the right atrium when heart is pumping blood
228
triglyceride
fat consisting of three molecules of fatty acid and glycerol
229
ulna
one of two lower arm bones. Located on little finger side of hand
230
unilateral
pertaining to one side
231
ureter
one of two tubes that lead from the kidney to the urinary bladder
232
valve
natural or artificial structure that prevents backward flow of fluid
233
vascular
pertaining to blood vessels
234
ventricle
one of two lower chambers of heart. Right receives blood from right atrium and sends it to the lungs. Left receives blood from left atrium and sends it to the body through the aorta
235
venule
small vein
236
vesical
pertaining to the urinary bladder
237
visceral
pertaining to the internal organs
