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NONVISUAL SENSATION AND PERCEPTION > The Body Senses > Flashcards

The Body Senses Flashcards

1
Q

The system that provides information about the body senses, including touch, movement, pain, and temperature

A

Somatosensory System

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1
Q

The sensory system that provides information about the position and movement of the head

A

Vestibular System

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2
Q

The sensory organs of the vestibular system are found in the

A

inner ear

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3
Q

2 types of the vestibular structures

A

Otolith Organs and Semicircular canals

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4
Q

A structure in the inner ear vestibular system that provides information about the angle of the head relative to the ground and about linear acceleration.

A

Otolith Organ

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5
Q

One of the three looping chambers found in the inner ear that provide information regarding the rotation of the head.

A

Semicircular Canal

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6
Q

The force perceived when our rate of movement changes.

A

Linear acceleration

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7
Q

2 seperate structure of the otolith organs

A

Saccule and Utricle

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8
Q

A stone made of calcium carbonate that is attached to the hair cells in the otolith organs.

A

Otolith

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9
Q

The nucleus of the thalamus that receives information regarding pain, touch, and the position and movement of the head.

A

Ventral Posterior (VP) Nucleus

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10
Q

Cortex located in the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe that is responsible for the initial cortical processing of somatosensory input.

A

Primary Somarosensory Cortex

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11
Q

largest and heaviest organ of the human body.

provides a boundary separating what is inside from what is outside.

It prevents dehydration and protects the body from dirt and bacteria.

A

Skin

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12
Q

Hairless skin.

A

glabrous skin

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13
Q

The outermost layer of the skin.

A

Epidermis

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14
Q

The layer of skin lying below the outermost epidermis.

A

Dermis

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15
Q

The layer of tissue lying below the dermis

A

Subcutaneous Tissue

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16
Q

A skin receptor that senses touch, pressure, or vibration.

A

mechanoreceptor

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17
Q

A mechanoreceptor in which the axon fibers are surrounded by a fluid-filled capsule formed of connective tissue.

A

encapsulated receptor

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18
Q

An encapsulated, fast-adapting mechanoreceptor with small receptive field that responds primarily to pressure.

A

Meissner’s corpuscle

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19
Q

An encapsulated, rapidly adapting mechanoreceptor with large receptive field that provides information about pressure and vibration.

A

Pacinian corpuscle

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20
Q

A nonencapsulated, slow-adapting mechanoreceptor with small receptive field that provides information primarily about pressure.

A

Merkel’s disk

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21
Q

A nonencapsulated, slow-adapting mechanoreceptor with large receptive field that provides information regarding stretch.

A

Ruffini’s ending

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22
Q

Two major types of Encapsulated mechanoreceptors

A

Meissner’s Corpuscles and the Pacinian Corpuscles

23
Q

types of nonencapulated receptors

A

Merkel’s Disks and Ruffini’s Endings

24
Q

myelinated fiber that carries information about cold and sharp pain to the central nervous system.

A

Aδ (alpha-delta) fiber

25
Q

A small, unmyelinated fiber that carries information about temperature, itch, and dull, aching pain to the central nervous system.

A

C fiber

26
Q

The area of the skin surface served by the dorsal roots of one spinal segment.

A

dermatome

27
Q

The spinal pathway that carries information about touch and position to the medulla.

A

dorsal column

28
Q

The pathway originating in the dorsal column nuclei and synapsing in the ventral posterior (VP) nucleus of the thalamus that is responsible for carrying information about touch and position.

A

medial lemniscus

29
Q

A nerve that carries sensation from mechanoreceptors, temperature receptors, and pain receptors in the skin of the face, mouth, tongue, and the dura mater of the brain

A

trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V)

30
Q

Areas in the parietal lobe adjacent to primary somatosensory cortex that process a wide variety of complex somatosensory inputs.

A

secondary somatosensory cortex

31
Q

consist of three looping
chambers at approximately right angles to one another.

A

semicircular canals

32
Q

Touch sensations begin when specialized
receptors in the skin, known as
mechanoreceptors, detect mechanical
stimuli such as pressure, temperature,
or vibration. These receptors send
signals to the brain in response to
tactile input.

A

Receptor Activation

33
Q
  • Sensory nerves,
    including A-beta and C-fiber nerve
    fibers, transmit touch signals from the
    mechanoreceptors to the spinal cord.
    A-beta fibers carry fast, sharp touch
    and pressure information, while C-
    fibers convey slower, dull, and
    temperature-related sensations
A

Nerve Transmission

34
Q

In the spinal
cord, the touch signals synapse with
interneurons and then ascend in the
spinal pathways to the brain.
Information is initially processed at
the segmental level, allowing for
reflexive responses to touch stimuli.

A

Spinal Cord Processing

35
Q

Touch signals travel via the spinal cord
to the thalamus, specifically the ventral
posterolateral nucleus. From the
thalamus, the information is relayed to
the primary somatosensory cortex in
the brain’s parietal lobe, where the
perception of touch sensations,
including their location and quality, is
processed and interpreted.

A

Thalamic Relay and Brain Perception

36
Q

The somatosensory cortex appears to rearrange itself in response to changes in the amount of input it receives.

occurs in the human somatosensory cortex as a
result of both loss and enhancement of input.

A

plasticity of touch

37
Q

Damage to secondary somatosensory cortex,
particularly on the right side of the brain

A

Neglect Syndrome

38
Q

free nerve endings in the skin that respond
to surface temperature

A

Thermoreceptors

39
Q

begin to fire at about 30°C and increase their firing rates as temperature increases to about 45°C.

A nerve ending in the skin that responds to heat.

A

Warm Fibers

40
Q

begin to respond at skin temperatures of about 35°C and increase their response rate until the skin temperature decreases to about 10°C.

A nerve ending in the skin that responds to cold.

A

Cold Fibers

41
Q

What is the purpose of pain?

A

We need pain to remind us to stop when we are injured, to assess a situation before proceeding, and to allow the body time to heal

42
Q

Although some of the individual differences in response to pain are due to culture and experience, a person’s number of ________
receptors also influences pain sensitivity

A

endogenous opioid

43
Q

Patients who perceive no pain frequently die at young ages, primarily due to ____________________

A

degeneration of joints and the spine.

44
Q

A nerve ending that responds to painful stimuli.

respond to a variety of stimuli associated with
tissue damage.

respond most vigorously to mechanical injury such as the damage caused by a sharp object.

A

Nociceptor

45
Q

The pressure of the mechanical stimulus on the nociceptor membrane opens mechanically gated ion channels, leading ton the generation of __________

A

action potentials.

46
Q

Pain sensations originate from the
activation of nociceptors,
specialized sensory nerve
endings that detect harmful or
potentially harmful stimuli like
heat, pressure, or chemicals.

A

Stimulus Detection

47
Q

Nociceptive signals travel
through A-delta and C-fiber nerve
fibers to the spinal cord, where
they synapse and ascend the
spinothalamic tract to the brain,
conveying the perception of pain.

A

Nerve Transmission

48
Q

Pain signals
are interpreted in various brain
regions, including the thalamus,
somatosensory cortex, and other
regions associated with
emotional and cognitive
responses, shaping the
experience and perception of pain

A

Brain processing

49
Q

A group of cells in the outer gray matter of the dorsal horn that receive synapses from pain fibers.

A

substantia gelatinosa

50
Q

A neurotransmitter substance associated with the sense of pain that also serves as a stimulus at some nociceptors.

A

Substance P

51
Q

Fibers that carry pain and temperature information from the substantia gelatinosa to the thalamus.

A

spinothalamic pathway

52
Q

A nucleus in the brainstem that receives pain and temperature information from the head and neck.

A

spinal trigeminal nucleus

53
Q

A pathway carrying pain and temperature information from the spinal trigeminal nucleus to the thalamus

A

trigeminal lemniscus

54
Q

One of many nuclei in the thalamus that receive some pain and temperature input.

A

intralaminar nucleus

NONVISUAL SENSATION AND PERCEPTION (5 decks)

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