the body systems

Question 1

name all 10 body systems

Answer 1

• cardiovascular
• respiratory
• gastro intestinal
• lymphatic
• nervous
• reproductive
• urinary
• endocrine (hormones)
• musculoskeletal
• integumentary (skin)

Question 2

how long do
1. skin cells
2. red blood cells
last for

Answer 2

skin = every 3 months
RBCs = 120 days

Question 3

what are cells

Answer 3

the basic structural and functional unit of our body

Question 4

why do all cells require energy (2)

Answer 4

• to carry out the common metabolic processes that keep them alive e.g. maintenance of internal cell pH for cell enzyme function
• to perform their specific functions e.g. cardiac muscle cell contraction to make the heart pump

Question 5

what do cells use ATP for

Answer 5

to be able to undertake their functions

Question 6

what is used to produce ATP

Answer 6

oxygen and nutrient molecules e.g. glucose which we obtain from food

Question 7

what is an organ and what is it made up of

Answer 7

a group of tissues acting together to perform a specific function
- made up of the 4 basic tissue types

Question 8

what is a system e.g. respiratory system

Answer 8

collections of organs that have related functions and work together to carry out a common goal
- this goal is essential for for survival

Question 9

which system gets nutrients in to our blood and where does it run from

Answer 9

the gastrointestinal system
- runs from mouth to anus

Question 10

why are large molecules digested in to small molecules in the GI system

Answer 10

so that these molecules can be absorbed in to the veins (and lymphatic system) of the small intestine

Question 11

where does venous blood from the absorptive parts of the GI tract drain first and why (3)

Answer 11

the liver
- the liver stores nutrients, makes other products from them or returns them in to the venous system
- it can also metabolise/detoxify potentially harmful substances absorbed from the GI tract

Question 12

venous blood is generally deoxygenated and arterial blood is generally oxygenated, what is the exception to this

Answer 12

the pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood away from the heart and to the lungs, the pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood back to the heart from the lungs

Question 13

what system delivers nutrients to the cells and what is it made up of

Answer 13

the cardiovascular system
- made up of the heart and blood vessels

Question 14

how is the heart described in the cardiovascular system

Answer 14

the pump of the cardiovascular system

Question 15

describe the pathway that absorbed nutrients take

Answer 15

• they are first passed in to the veins of the GI tract to the lliver
• venous blood from the liver containing these nutrients then drains back to the heart (once the blood has been ‘cleaned’) to be distributed to the rest of the body

Question 16

what side of the heart is
1. venous
2. arterial
blood pumped from

Answer 16

1. the right side pumps venous blood (to the lungs)
2. the left side pumps arterial blood (to all the other tissues and organs)

Question 17

what happens at capillaries

Answer 17

there’s an exchange of nutrients and oxygen going to the organs and waste is put in to the blood system

Question 18

describe the order of blood vessels that go from the heart, to the body and back again

Answer 18

heart - arteries - arterioles - capillaries - venules - veins - heart

Question 19

how much oxygen does normal air contain

Answer 19

20%

Question 20

what system gets oxygen in to the blood

Answer 20

the respiratory system

Question 21

describe the respiratory tree

Answer 21

trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

Question 22

describe what alveoli are covered in and how this allows for easy diffusion

Answer 22

the very thin walled alveoli is covered in many thin walled capillaries
- this allows oxygen to be transferred by diffusion in to the blood and CO2 to be transferred in to the lungs
- the now oxygenated blood then returns to the heart to be pumped to all of the cells around the body

Question 23

what system delivers oxygen to cells

Answer 23

the haematological system
- and the cardiovascular system

Question 24

describe haemoglobin (2)

Answer 24

• found in red blood cells
• reversibly (can be undone) binds to oxygen in the lungs
• carries this oxygen to all the capillary beds where it is released to be delivered to cells

Question 25

what things are found in the blood

Answer 25

- red blood cells which transport oxygen - white blood cells for immune system - platelets for blood clotting

Question 26

what is a low haemoglobin level called and what can it cause

Answer 26

anaemia which can cause breathlessness

Question 27

how is oxygen and carbon dioxide exchanged at capillary beds of all the bodies cells

Answer 27

they diffuse between blood and cells on a concentration gradient

Question 28

what is excess fluid left in the tissues, in the extracellular spaces called and what does it become

Answer 28

it is called tissue fluid - once this fluid is taken up by lymphatic vessels it is called lymph

Question 29

describe the thoracic duct (2)

Answer 29

- major lymphatic vessel in the body (only one able to be seen during dissection) - returns lymph to large veins in the root of the neck

Question 30

why are lymph nodes and pathways used to determine if there is an infection or illness

Answer 30

normal lymph nodes cannot be palpated - lymph nodes fighting infection or being infiltrate dry a spreading cancer usually enlarge and can be palpated

Question 31

what systems (2) remove waste from the body and give an example of the different types of waste

Answer 31

the respiratory and renal (kidneys) system - lactic acid produced by muscles during heavy exercise - carbon dioxide and water are waste profits from the reduction of ATP - CO2 and water can combine to form carbonic acid - all of these acids could affect the pH of the body

Question 32

why is it important to maintain the pH of the body

Answer 32

the pH of the body must remain within certain limits for things like enzyme function, cells and tissues

Question 33

what waste products are excreted via the 1. GI 2. renal 3. lymphatic systems

Answer 33

1. cellular debris from the internal lining of the GI tract, indigestable foodstuff and GI tract bacteria, commensals and pathogens all pass through the GI tract and leave as faeces 2. drugs deactivated by metabolism in the liver are extracted via urine or faeces 3. foreign bodies e.g. inhaled atmospheric carbon particles/microorganisms/cancer cells, can drain via lymphatics to lymph nodes (immune function)

Question 34

what does the integumentary system provide us with (2)

Answer 34

- our skin (integument) is the body's first line of defence against the external environment - it provides our body with; a physical defence against trauma, a waterproof barrier, it helps to regulate body temperature, protects us against uv radiation to a degree

Question 35

what does the nervous system do and what is it made up of

Answer 35

it allows is to sense our environment (sense what's wrong) and to effect an appropriate response (react) - sensory part, motor part and central connections between the two (brain, spinal chord)

Question 36

what does the endocrine system do and what is it made up of

Answer 36

it regulates the processes in our body by secreting hormones directly in to the gland's capillary blood e.g. the release of insulin from the pancreas regulates the uptake of glucose in to the cells - consists mainly of a number of organs called endocrine glands at various anatomical positions of the body e.g. thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal glands, piruatory gland, pancreas, ovary, testes

Question 37

what does the musculoskeletal system do for us

Answer 37

- closely linked to our nervous system - skeletal muscle contraction moves the muscle at joints to produce locomotion - this system is both essential and protective as it allows us to breath and gives us locomotion (so we can go and find shelter and food)

Question 38

why is the reproductive system different to all other systems

Answer 38

because it is not necessary for the survival of the individual but it is vital for the survival or the species