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Anatomy & Physiology > The Brain > Flashcards

The Brain Flashcards

1
Q

the brain

A

one of the largest organs in the body

consists of about 100 billion neurons and 10-50 trillion neuroglia

2% of total body weight

requires 20% of the body’s oxygen supply

4+ minutes of oxygen deprivation may permanently injure brain neurons

protected by blood- barrier
protected by the cranium and cranial meninges

cerebrospinal fluid

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2
Q

blood brain barrier

A

from harmful substances and pathogens; prevents passage of many substances from blood into brain tissue; consists of tightly sealed blood capillaries, assisted
by astrocytes

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3
Q

cranium and cranial meninges

A

dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater

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4
Q

cerebrospinal fluid

A

Clear, colorless liquid that protect against chemical and physical injury

Carries oxygen, glucose, and other needed chemicals from the blood to neurons and neuroglia and removes wastes and toxic substances

Circulates through the subarachnoid space, around the brain and spinal cord, and ventricles (cavities in the brain)

4 ventricles

choroid plexuses

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5
Q

how many ventricles cereospinal fluid travel through

A

4 ventricles: 2 lateral ventricles, 1 third ventricle, 1 fourth ventricle

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6
Q

choroid plexuses

A

specialized networks of capillaries in the walls of the ventricles that produce
CSF

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7
Q

arachnoid villi

A

fingerlike extensions of the arachnoid mater that allow CSF to be gradually reabsorbed into the blood

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8
Q

superior sagittal sinus

A

the primary vein into which CSF drains

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9
Q

4 major parts of the brain

A

brain stem
diencephalon
cerebrum
cerebellum

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10
Q

brain stem

A

continuous with the spinal cord; medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain

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11
Q

diencephalon

A

above the brain stem; thalamus, hypothalamus, pineal gland

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12
Q

cerebrum

A

the bulk of the brain above the diencephalon and brain stem

cerebral cortex
cerebral white matter

Internal region of cerebral white matter

Gray matter nuclei deep within the white matter

Read, write, speak

Calculate, compose music, create

Remember the past and plan for the future

4 lobes named after the bones that cover them: frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, and occipital lobe

Gyrus (gyri)

Plus a 5th lobe that lies deep and cannot be seen at the surface: insula

Regulates the muscle tone required for specific body movements and control subconscious contractions of skeletal muscles such as automatic arm swings while walking

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13
Q

cerebral cortex

A

thin layer of gray matter on the surface

outer rim of gray matter

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14
Q

cerebral white matter

A

beneath the cortex

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15
Q

cerebellum

A

posterior to the brain stem

consists of 2 cerebellar hemispheres; located posterior to the medulla and pons and inferior to the cerebrum

cerebellar cortex
white matter
cerebellar nuclei
cerebellar peduncles

Compares intended movements programmed by the cerebral cortex with what is actually happening; receives sensory impulses from muscles, tendons, joints, equilibrium receptors, and visual receptors

Helps to smooth and coordinate complex sequences of skeletal muscle contractions

Regulates posture and balance and is essential for all skilled motor activities

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16
Q

medulla oblongata

A

continuation of the spinal cord; inferior part of the brain stem

contains all sensory and motor tracts extending between the spinal cord and the brain

contains several nuclei (masses of gray matter where neurons form synapses with one another)

2 major nuclei
cardiovascular center
medullary rhythmicity area

Nuclei of touch, pressure, vibration, conscious proprioception; and reflexes for
swallowing, vomiting coughing, hiccupping, and sneezing

Nuclei of 5 pairs of cranial nerves: vestibulocholear (VIII), glossopharyngeal (IX), vagus (X), accessory (XI), and hypoglossal (XII)

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17
Q

cardiovascular center

A

regulates the rate and force of the heartbeat and the diameter of blood vessels

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18
Q

Medullary rhythmicity area

A

adjusts the basic rhythm of breathing

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19
Q

pons

A

above the medulla and anterior to the cerebellum

Consists of both nuclei and tracts (just like medulla)

Some connect right and left sides of the cerebellum

Others a part of sensory and motor tracts

Several nuclei are the sites where signals for voluntary movements that originate in the
cerebral cortex are relayed into the cerebellum

Some nuclei help control breathing

Nuclei of 4 pairs of cranial nerves: trigeminal (V), abducens (VI), facial (VII), and
vestibulochochlear (VIII)

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20
Q

midbrain

A

connects the pons to the diencephalon

cerebral peduncles
substantia nigra
red nuclei

Nuclei of 2 pairs of cranial nerves: oculomotor (III) and trochlear (IV)

4 nuclei that appear as rounded bumps on the posterior surface
2 superior colliculi
2 inferior colliculi

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21
Q

cerebral peduncles

A

makes up the anterior part of the midbrain; a pair of large tracts; contain axons of motor neurons that conduct nerve impulses from the cerebrum to the
spinal cord, medulla, and pons

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22
Q

substantia nigra

A

nucleus that is large and darkly pigmented; loss of these neurons is associated with Parkinson’s disease

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23
Q

red nuclei

A

– reddish due to rich blood supply; cerebellum and cerebral cortex form
synapses here to coordinate muscular movements

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24
Q

2 superior colliculi

A

tracking and scanning movements of the eyes and reflexes that govern movements of the eyes, head, and neck in response to visual stimuli

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25
Q

2 inferior colliculi

A

part of the auditory pathway, relaying impulses from the receptors for audition in the ear to the thalamus; reflex centers for the startle reflex

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26
Q

startle reflex

A

sudden movements of the head and body that occur when you are surprised by a loud noise

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27
Q

reticular formation

A

small clusters of neuronal cell bodies (gray matter) intermingled with small bundles of myelinated axons (white matter) that make up much of the brain stem

Netlike arrangement of white and gray matter

Have sensory and motor functions

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28
Q

reticular activating system

A

ascending part of the reticular formation which consists of sensory axons that project to the cerebral cortex

When stimulated, nerve impulses pass upward to widespread areas of the cerebral cortex resulting in consciousness

Helps maintain consciousness and is active during awakening from sleep

Inactivity produces sleep

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29
Q

main motor function

A

helps regulate muscle tone in normal resting muscles

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30
Q

thalmus

A

paired oval masses of gray matter organized into nuclei with interspersed tracts of
white matter

Major relay station for most sensory impulses that reach the cerebral cortex from the
spinal cord and brain stem

Contributes to motor functions by transmitting info from the cerebellum and basal nuclei to motor areas of the cerebral cortex

Relays nerve impulses between different areas of the cerebrum

Plays a role in the maintenance of consciousness

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31
Q

hypothalamus

A

small portion that lies below the thalamus and above the pituitary gland

big role in homeostasis

Control of the autonomic nervous system; regulates contraction of smooth and cardiac
muscle and secretions of many glands; heart rate, movement of food during digestion,
contraction of urinary bladder

Control of pituitary gland and production of hormones; primary connection between the
nervous system and endocrine system; also produces antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin
which are stored in pituitary

Regulation of emotional and behavioral patterns; along with the limbic system, regulates
rage, aggression, pain, and pleasure, and behavioral patterns related to sexual arousal

Regulation of eating and drinking

Control of body temperature; stimulates activities that promote heat loss, production, or retention depending on the blood temperature

Regulation of circadian rhythms and states of consciousness; patterns of awake and sleep

32
Q

feeding center

A

promotes eating

33
Q

satiety center

A

sensation of fullness and cessation of eating

34
Q

thirst center

A

sensation of thirst caused by rising osmotic pressure of the extracellular fluid; drinking water restores the osmotic pressure to normal

35
Q

pineal gland

A

size of a small pea protruding from the posterior midline of the third ventricle

Secretes the hormone melatonin (promotes sleepiness and contributes to circadian
rhythm)

Part of the endocrine system

36
Q

cerebellar cortex

A

surface of the cerebellum consisting of gray matter

37
Q

white matter

A

beneath the cortex resembling the branches of a tree

38
Q

cerebellar nuclei

A

masses of gray matter deep within the white matter

39
Q

cerebellar peduncles

A

bundles of axons that attach the cerebellum to the brain stem

Compares intended movements programmed by the cerebral cortex with what is actually happening; receives sensory impulses from muscles, tendons, joints, equilibrium receptors, and visual receptors

Helps to smooth and coordinate complex sequences of skeletal muscle contractions

Regulates posture and balance and is essential for all skilled motor activities

40
Q

gyrus

A

folds of the cerebral cortex

precentral gyrus

41
Q

precentral gyrus

A

located immediately anterior to the central sulcus; motor area

42
Q

postcentral gyrus

A

located immediately posterior to the central sulcus; somatosensory area

43
Q

fissures

A

deep grooves between folds

44
Q

longitudinal fissure

A

separates the cerebrum into cerebral hemispheres

45
Q

sulcus (sulci)

A

shallow grooves between folds

46
Q

central sulcus

A

separates the frontal and parietal lobes

47
Q

cerebral hemispheres

A

right and left halves of the brain separated by the longitudinal fissure

48
Q

corpus callosum

A

broad band of white matter containing axons that extend between the hemispheres to connect internally

49
Q

basal nuceli/ basal ganglia

A

helps initiate and terminate movements; 3 nuclei within each cerebral hemisphere:

Globus palidus, Putamen, Caudate nucleus

50
Q

limbic system

A

a ring of structures on the inner border of the cerebrum and floor of the
diencephalon that encircles the upper part of the brain stem and the corpus callosum; “emotional
brain”; plays a primary role in a range of emotions: pain, pleasure, docility, affection, and anger;
controls most involuntary aspects of behavior related to survival; major role in controlling the
overall pattern of behavior; functions in memory

51
Q

Sensory areas (function areas of cortex)

A

receive sensory info and are involved in perception

52
Q

perception

A

the conscious awareness of a sensation

53
Q

motor areas

A

initiate movements

54
Q

association areas

A

deal with more complex integrative functions such as memory, emotions, reasoning, will, judgment, personality traits, and intelligence

55
Q

primary somatosensory area

A

posterior to the central sulcus of each cerebral hemisphere in the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe

Receives impulses for touch, proprioception, pain, itching, tickle, and temperature
and is involved in the perception of these sensations

Allows one to pinpoint where sensations originate

56
Q

primary visual area

A

located in the occipital lobe, receives visual info and is involved in visual perception

57
Q

primary auditory area

A

located in the temporal lobe, receives info for sound and is involved in auditory perception

58
Q

primary gustatory area

A

located at the base of the postcentral gyrus, receives impulses for gustation and is involved in gustatory perception

59
Q

primary olfactory area

A

located on the medial aspect of the temporal lobe, receives impulses for olfaction and is involved in olfactory perception

60
Q

primary motor area

A

located in the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe in each hemisphere; controls voluntary contractions of specific muscles on the opposite side of the body

61
Q

broca’s speech area

A

located in the frontal lobe close to the lateral cerebral sulcus

Localized in the left hemisphere in 97% of the population

Translates thoughts into words and plans complex language for speaking

62
Q

somatosensory association area

A

posterior to the primary somatosensory area; integrates and interprets somatic sensations such as the exact shape and texture of an object; storage of memories of past sensory experiences for comparison

63
Q

visual association area

A

located in the occipital lobe; relates present and past visual experiences and is essential for recognizing and evaluating what is seen

64
Q

auditory association area

A

located below the primary auditory area in the temporal cortex; allows you to recognize a particular sound as speech, music, or noise

65
Q

wenicke’s area

A

a broad region in the left temporal and parietal lobes; interprets the meaning of speech by recognizing spoken words; active as you translate words into thoughts

The regions in the right hemisphere that correspond to Wernicke’s and Broca’s
areas also contribute to verbal communication by adding emotional content to spoken words

66
Q

common integrative area

A

receives and interprets nerve impulses from the sensory areas

67
Q

premotor area

A

immediately anterior to the primary motor area; generates nerve impulses that cause a specific group of muscles to contract in a specific sequence

68
Q

frontal eye field area

A

in the frontal cortex; controls voluntary scanning movements of the eyes, such as those that occur while reading

69
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

anterior portion of the frontal lobe; concerned with personality, intellect, complex learning abilities, recall of info, initiative, judgment, foresight, reasoning, conscience, intuition, mood, planning for the future, and development of abstract ideas

70
Q

hemispheric lateralization

A

functional asymmetry between the hemispheres; specializations in certain function

Left hemisphere receives signals from and controls the right side of the body and vice
versa

Left is more important for spoken and written language, numerical and scientific skills, ability to use and understand sign language, and reasoning

Right is more important for musical and artistic awareness, spatial and pattern perception, recognition of faces and emotional content of language, and for generating mental images of sight, sound, touch, gustation, and olfaction

71
Q

Memory

A

the process by which info acquired through learning is stored and retrieved; it must produce structural and functional changes in the brain

72
Q

parts of the brain involved with memory

A

Association areas of the frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes

Parts of the limbic system

The diencephalon

73
Q

parts of the brain involved with memory of motor skills

A

basal nuclei

cerebellum

cerebral cortex

74
Q

analgesia

A

pain relif

75
Q

anethesia

A

loss of sensation

76
Q

nerve block

A

loss of sensation due to injection of a local anesthetic

77
Q

neuraglia

A

attacks of pain along the entire length of a local anesthetic

Anatomy & Physiology (15 decks)

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