The Brain

Question 1

what is the CNS composed of?

Answer 1

the brain and spinal cord

Question 2

what is the PNS composed of?

Answer 2

cranial nerves and spinal nerves

Question 3

afferent neuron

Answer 3

sensory neuron

Question 4

efferent neuron

Answer 4

motor neuron

Question 5

somatic sensory receptors

Answer 5

monitor the outside environment

Question 6

visceral sensory receptors

Answer 6

monitor the internal environment

Question 7

somatic nervous system

Answer 7

skeletal muscle

Question 8

autonomic nervous system

Answer 8

sympathetic or parasympathetic ie smooth muscle , cardiac muscle

Question 9

the 3 layers of the meninges

Answer 9

dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater

Question 10

where is CSF formed?

Answer 10

choroid plexus of lateral ventricle

Question 11

functions of CSF

Answer 11

1. bathes brain and spinal cord
2. protection
3. nutrition for brain tissue
4. blood-brain barrier

Question 12

what are the 4 regions of the brain

Answer 12

1. the cerebrum
2. the diencephalon
3. the cerebellum
4. the brainstem

Question 13

what connects the hemispheres of the cerebellum?

Answer 13

the corpus callosum

Question 14

what is hemispheric lateralization?

Answer 14

each hemisphere specializes in certain activities

Question 15

what are the lobes in the cerebellum?

Answer 15

frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe and temporal lobe

Question 16

where is the primary motor cortex located?

Answer 16

the frontal lobe of the cerebellum

Question 17

what does the primary motor cortex do?

Answer 17

initiates voluntary movement of skeletal muscle on the opposite side of the body

Question 18

what does the premotor cortex do?

Answer 18

coordinates learned activities

Question 19

prefrontal cortex

Answer 19

frontal lobe, personality and thought processes

Question 20

what are the upper motor neuron pathways

Answer 20

anterior and lateral

Question 21

cerebellum function

Answer 21

smooth coordinated muscle movement

Question 22

how does the cerebellum receive sensory info?

Answer 22

dorsal spinocerebellar tract via proprioceptors

Question 23

cerebellar diseases

Answer 23

jerky uncoordinated movements

• intention tremor
• past pointing
• ataxia (clumsy gait)

Question 24

function of the thalamus

Answer 24

relay nerve impulses from other brain regions to motor cortex

Question 25

function of the basal nuclei

Answer 25

planning, programming and execution of voluntary movement

Question 26

how do the basal nuclei control movement

Answer 26

with two way communication system with cerebral cortex can modify output from motor cortex

Question 27

what type of impulses are predominant in basal nuclei

Answer 27

inhibitory

Question 28

what does damage to the basal nuclei result in?

Answer 28

increased muscle tone, tremors, difficulty initiating movement

Question 29

cause of parkinsons disease

Answer 29

lack of dopamine released by neurons of the substantia nigra which project up into putamen and caudate nucleus

Question 30

symptoms of parkinsons disease

Answer 30

basal nuclei more active = resting tremor, bradykinesia and rigidity of muscles

Question 31

cause of huntingtons disease

Answer 31

damage to caudate nucleus

Question 32

symptom of huntingtons disease

Answer 32

jerky involuntary movements

Question 33

what does the vestibular apparatus do?

Answer 33

equilibrium and balance, maintain posture

Question 34

what is the vestibular apparatus composed of?

Answer 34

3 semicircular canals (anterior, posterior and lateral) | 2 chamber - utricle and saccule

Question 35

what do the utricle and saccule do?

Answer 35

linear acceleration

Question 36

what do the semicircular canals do?

Answer 36

angular acceleration

Question 37

what are the sensory receptors of the vestibular apparatus?

Answer 37

hair cells in the membranous labyrinth

Question 38

what is a reflex?

Answer 38

an automated response to a stimulus mediated within the brain or spinal cord, reflex arc

Question 39

what are muscle spindles?

Answer 39

stretch activated sensory receptors

Question 40

what are hair cells composed of?

Answer 40

stereocilia and a kinocilium

Question 41

what does bending of the hair cells in VA do?

Answer 41

depolarisation sets up action potentials in the vestibular portion of the the cranial nerve VIII

Question 42

functions of hypothalamus

Answer 42

autonomic nervous system, hunger and thirst, emotional responses