the cardiorespiratory system

Question 1

respiratory system

Answer 1

lungs and muscles responsible for breathing

Question 2

cardiovascular system

Answer 2

heart and blood vessels

Question 3

functions of respiratory

Answer 3

to supply sufficient oxygen to meet the tissue demands of the body
to eliminate waste products (C02) from cellular environment

Question 4

structure of the lungs

Answer 4

left lung has 2 lobes, right has 3 - heart is on the left
each lung surrounded by a pleural membrane that is filled with pleural fluid - provides space needed for expansion + regulates pressure
lungs are only direct contact between blood and external environment
saturated with mass of air sacs and blood vessels

Question 5

functions of the lungs

Answer 5

provide continuous flow of oxygen into the bodily tissues
disruption to this process will not only hinder exercise performance but may also result in severe tissue damage - and even death

Question 6

passage of air order

Answer 6

Pharynx 
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli
Capillaries

Question 7

atmospheric air

Answer 7

the air that surrounds the body and is used during breathing/respiration

Question 8

gases and percentages inhaled

Answer 8

oxygen = 21%
carbon dioxide = 0.04%
nitrogen = 78%

Question 9

gases and percentages exhaled

Answer 9

oxygen = 16%
carbon dioxide = 4%
nitrogen = 78%

Question 10

spirometry test

Answer 10

measures the volume of air moving out of the respiratory tract under different conditions (e.g rest, exercise)

Question 11

asthma

Answer 11

caused by sensitive airways becoming inflamed when exposed to triggers

Question 12

COPD

Answer 12

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder - umbrella term used to describe a number of irreversible lung diseases

Question 13

Tidal Volume

Answer 13

describes the volume of air moved into or out of lungs with each breath - inspired and expired usually the same

Question 14

Residual Volume

Answer 14

the volume of air remaining in the lungs following maximum expiration

Question 15

vital capacity

Answer 15

maximum volume of expired gases following a maximum inspiration. VC is made up of tidal volume and forced inspired and expired volumes

Question 16

total lung capacity

Answer 16

the maximum volume of air within the lungs

measured by adding the residual volume to the vital capacity

Question 17

Valsalva manoeuvre

Answer 17

respiratory technique that involves the closing of the narrowest part of the trachea following a maximum inhalation in order to increase intrathoracic pressure

Question 18

risks of the Valsalva manoeuvre

Answer 18

increased intrathoracic and abdominal pressure - reduces return of blood to the heart
dizziness and loss of consciousness
blood clots can detach causing wounds to reopen
prolonged Valsalva when the glottis reopens, an overshoot in blood pressure occurs placing additional and unnecessary strain on the cardiovascular system

Question 19

functions of the cardiovascular system

Answer 19

transports blood to almost all of the body’s tissues
transports nutrients and gases
removal of waste products and gases
thermoregulation
also other physiological functions specific to structures within this system (e.g. heart)

Question 20

structure of the cardiovascular

Answer 20

1) pulmonary circulation - the transportation of blood between the heart and lungs ~ pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein
2) systemic circulation - the transportation of blood between the tissues of the body and the heart (aorta - bodily tissue - vena cava)

Question 21

Function of the heart

Answer 21

pump deoxygenated blood from the tissues and to the lungs

pump oxygenated blood to the body’s tissue to be used as an energy source

Question 22

passage of blood through heart

Answer 22

1) deoxygenated blood enters right atrium via inferior and superior vena cava.
passes through one way valve and into right ventricle
then ejected towards lungs through pulmonary artery
in lungs blood deposits its c02 which is then exhaled and collects more oxygen making the blood oxygenated
2) oxygenated blood enters the left atrium via pulmonary vein into left ventricle. then ejected into the aorta
branching off the aorta are the coronary arteries which feed heart’s cardiac tissues to supply with oxygen

Question 23

cardiac cycle

Answer 23

refers to complete heartbeat and the pathway taken by the blood as a consequence

1) systole = the beating/pumping phase of heartbeat
2) diastole = the relaxing/filling phase of the heartbeat

Question 24

coronary circulation

Answer 24

the body’s blood and nutrient supply passes through heart but none is actually absorbed by heart’s muscle tissue.
the heart instead receives its nutrients and removes waste products from coronary circulation system

Question 25

high blood pressure

Answer 25

makes it difficult for the heart to empty its blood into already full aorta

Question 26

low blood pressure

Answer 26

more challenging to move blood through arteries, veins and capillaries dizziness and fainting are common because of reduced oxygen to your brain

Question 27

measuring blood pressure

Answer 27

measured using a sphygmomanometer - millimetres of mercury 1) systolic - this is the first and largest number and represents the pressure within the arteries as the heart contracts 2) diastolic - the pressure in the arteries during relaxation period between heart beats normal blood pressures = 120/80

Question 28

hypertension

Answer 28

abnormally high blood pressure - resting = greater than 140/90 mmHg strongly associated with coronary heart disease and cardiovascular disease

Question 29

hypotension

Answer 29

low blood pressure = below 90/60mmHg

Question 30

hypertension risk factors

Answer 30

modifiable and non-modifiable

Question 31

modifiable risk factors (hypertension)

Answer 31

``` excess salt intake high intake fatty/processed foods being overweight/obese excess alcohol consumption too little activity high levels mental stress/mental illness smoking high cholesterol ```

Question 32

non-modifiable risks of high blood pressure

Answer 32

``` age race/ethnicity genes gender kidney disease ```

Question 33

complications of hypertension

Answer 33

``` heart attack renal failure blood vessel damage neurological retinopathy headache ```

Question 34

maximum heart rate

Answer 34

can estimate individuals maximum heart rate with the formula: 220 - age = MHR recommended 55-90% of MHR to induce positive cardiovascular benefits

Question 35

%MHR and training zone

Answer 35

``` 50-60% fat burning zone 60-70% moderate aerobic zone 70-80% aerobic zone 80-90% peak performance zone 90-100% maximum zone ```

Question 36

cardiac output

Answer 36

stroke volume x heart rate = cardiac outptut

Question 37

V02 max

Answer 37

measure of the efficiency of cardiovascular system. represents the maximum volume of oxygen that the cardiorespiratory system can take in, deliver and be used. often described as one's 'maximum oxygen uptake' or 'maximum oxygen consumption' can be measured in litres per minute or millimetres per minute for every kg of body weight

Question 38

blood vessels and blood

Answer 38

blood vessels adapt to increased levels of activity via the following 2 mechanisms: 1) dilation = during increased levels of activity, body's tissues demand more oxygen and nutrients that are carried in the blood increases in heart rate and blood pressure causes vessel walls to stretch 2) constriction = occurs simultaneously to dilation but in arteries that deliver blood to non-working areas. brain signals smooth muscle within the vessel to contract which narrows the vessel and reduces the volume of blood that can pass through

Question 39

Arteries

Answer 39

largest of three blood vessels contain thick muscular and elastic walls that allow them to cope with blood under high pressure carry oxygenated blood with exception of pulmonary artery arteries always carry blood away from heart largest artery is aorta the further away the arteries are from the heart, the smaller they are

Question 40

arterioles

Answer 40

smaller and narrower branches of the arteries and reduce speed at which blood enters the tissue area. become progressively smaller before forming a capillary at the site where the oxygen exchange takes place

Question 41

veins

Answer 41

second largest of blood vessel family transport deoxygenated blood with exception of pulmonary vein veins carry blood towards the heart largest veins are inferior and superior vena cava smaller branches of veins are called 'venules' - responsible for removal of waste (C02) from capillary contain specialised valves that prevent back flow of blood

Question 42

capillaries

Answer 42

narrowest and thinnest blood vessels and saturate every living tissue where all gaseous exchanges take place - as only on cell thick regular and effective cardiovascular exercise promotes growth and development of the capillary network also means the cardiovascular system will be able to deposit more oxygen and remove more waste = capillarisation

Question 43

artery disease

Answer 43

also = PAD (peripheral artery disease) and PVD (peripheral vascular disease) form of cardiovascular disease occurs when fatty deposits/'atheromas' form in the blood - the build up restricts blood flow = 'atherosclerosis'

Question 44

risks of atherosclerosis

Answer 44

``` smoking diabetes (type 1 and 2) high blood pressure high cholesterol age gender (men at greater risk) ```

Question 45

arteriosclerosis

Answer 45

similar to atherosclerosis but artery becomes thicker, harder and denser = loses ability to stretch

Question 46

Blood amount in body

Answer 46

9-11 pints of blood in body

Question 47

Blood composition

Answer 47

WHITE BLOOD CELLS - primarily fight infection PLASMA - makes up approx 55% of blood volume - contains salts (electrolytes), hormones and fats PLATELETS - disc shaped structures about 20% the size of red blood cells - produced in bone marrow and essential clotting agents that stem bleeding HAEMOGLOBIN - proteins carried by red blood cells to transport oxygen - each one can carry 4 molecules of oxygen RED BLOOD CELLS - produce in bone marrow - primarily responsible for the transportation of oxygen and the removal of C02

Question 48

cardiorespiratory response to exercise

Answer 48

``` increased heart rate increased blood pressure increased stroke volume increased cardiac output dilation of arteries increase tidal volume increased body temperature ```

Question 49

cardiorespiratory adaptations to exercise

Answer 49

a reduced resting heart rate reduced resting blood pressure cardiac hypertrophy, particularly on the left side of the heart increased stroke volume increased breathing efficiency capillarisation around the alveoli and in the active muscles increased size and number of alveoli increased blood plasma volume increased concentration of haemoglobin reduced cholesterol levels increased strength of respiratory muscles

Question 50

common forms of heart disease

Answer 50

``` high blood pressure high cholesterol hardening of the arteries narrowing of the arteries congestive heart failure angina stroke ```

Question 51

primary risk factors of heart disease

Answer 51

``` hereditary factors gender age high blood pressure smoking ```

Question 52

secondary risk factors of heart disease

Answer 52

``` physical inactivity obesity and overweight diabetes stress alcohol ```