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applied exercise physiology > the cardiovascular system > Flashcards

the cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

what system does it work with?

A

the pulmonary system

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2
Q

3 purposed of the cardiorespiratory system

A
  1. transports oxygen and nutrients to tissues
  2. removal of CO2 wastes from tissues
  3. reg of body temp
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3
Q

what are the 2 major adjustments of blood flow during exercise

A
  1. increase Q
  2. redistribution of blood flow from inactive organs to active muscle
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4
Q

what 2 circuits does the heart link to

A
  1. pulmonary circuit = blood exchanging co2 and o2 in lungs
  2. systemic circuit = providing o2 blood to organs and tissues through body
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5
Q

key components

A
  1. heart = creates pressure to pump blood
  2. arteries and arterioles = blood away from heart
  3. capillaries = exchange of O2, CO2 and nutrients
  4. veins and venules = carry blood towards heart
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6
Q

describe the pulmonary circuit

A
  • right side of the heart
  • deoxygenated blood to lungs via pulmonary arteries
  • returns to left side oxygenated blood to heart via pulmonary veins
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7
Q

describe the systemic circuit

A
  • left side of heart
  • pumps oxygenated blood to whole body via aorta
  • returns deoxygenated to right side of heart via vena cava
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8
Q

describe arteries

A
  • left ventricles link to aortic arch receiving blood at high pressure
  • aorta stretches to receive pressure and recoils
    flow mediated dilation shows how well arteries can dilate
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9
Q

decree veins

A
  • 60% blood in body in veins at any time
  • vena cava
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10
Q

structure of arteries

A
  • surrounded by collagen and elastin - structural tissues helping arteries deal with high pressure entering them
  • cross section = lumen
  • lumen then endothelium
  • contains smooth muscle in human important for changing resistance and redistrubting blood flow from inactive organs to working muscles
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11
Q

what happens when blood flows over the endothelium

A
  • triggers cascade of physiological responses meaning blood vessels can dilate and get blood flow to working muscle
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12
Q

describe the veins

A
  • surrounded by smooth muscle
  • relax and retain blood flow but strict a little to return blood back to heart
  • one way valve preventing back flow
  • large lumen
  • no collagen and elastin
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13
Q

describe capillaries

A
  • gas and nutrient exchange
  • thin layer of endothelial cells
  • closer to RBC are to border of capillary tissues - more it aids gaseous exchange
  • speed of blood low through capillary - slow relative to arteries
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14
Q

what are the 3 physical characteristics of blood

A
  1. plasma = contains ions, protein and hormones
  2. cells = RBC,WBC,platelets
  3. haematocrit
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15
Q

what is the blood woo like through the systemic circuit

A
  • changes in pressure
    0 pressure in LV in heart 11mm
  • pressure returning via vena cava in right atria is 0mm
  • pressure flows from high to low
  • pressure is generated by the heart
  • resistance provided by arteries and arterioles
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16
Q

resistance to flow

A

resistance is a measure of hindrance of opposition to blood flow through a vessel caused by friction between blood and vessel wall
- total peripheral resistance = sum of resistance to flow in all individual organs

17
Q

what is the equation for blood flow

A

partial pressure / resistance
- pressure gradient (directly proportional to pressure difference between 2 ends of system)

18
Q

what does resistance depend on?

A
  1. length of vessel
  2. viscosity of blood
    radius of vessel
    = length x viscosity / radius to power of 4
19
Q

sources of vascular resistance

A
  • MAP decreases throughout systemic circulation
  • largest BP drop occurs across arterioles
20
Q

what is the water tower analogy?

A
  • river is water supply source and pumped to tower and flows out pipes into houses
  • regulated by faucet controlling how much water goes into each house
  • a house control with sink and flows out back into river
  • parallel houses - tissue and organ
  • pump is the heart - aorta store blood holding pressure and recoils and sends blood through arterioles
  • control blood low to correct tissue. blood used in capillary beds and flows to venules controlled by skeletal muscle pump returning blood back to large veins and back to heart
21
Q

how does the cardiovascular system contribute to aerobic performance?

A
  • respiration
  • central circulation = cardiac output ABP, HB concentration
  • muscle metabolism
  • peripheral circulation

O2 consumption = cardiac output x A-V o2 difference - links all factors for retracting and using o2

22
Q

what is the central command theory?

A
  • signal to drive CVS comes from high brain centres
  • centrally generated signals at onset of exercise
  • regulated through afferent sensors giving signals back to cardiovascular brain sensors
23
Q

how do they get fine tuned afferent feedback from

A
  • mechanoreceptors
  • chemoreceptors
  • baroreceptors
24
Q

mechanisms mediating autonomic adjustment to exercise

A
  • exercise pressor reflex - chemo and mechanoreceptor in skeletal mucle
  • sneers in carotid and aortic bodies - chemoreflex
  • stretch receptor
  • bar-reflect and metaboreflex
25
Q

baroreceptors

A
  • detect stimulus - cause increase in sympathetic cardiac nerve vasoconstriction and causing peripheral resistance in vessels increasing HR and BP
26
Q

structure of the heart wall

A
  1. epicardium - outer
  2. myocardium
  3. endocardium
27
Q

how does the heart receive blood

A
  • coronary arteries
28
Q

what is the myocardial infarction

A
  • blockage in coronary blood flow resulting in cell damage
  • exercise trying protects against heart damage and MI
29
Q

comparing skeletal and heart muscle

A
  1. shape of fibres = heart is shorter
  2. nuclei = heart is single skeletal is multiple
  3. Z-discs = both present
  4. both striated
  5. connective tissue = heart has endomysium, skeletal has epimysium, perimysium and endomysium
  6. energy = heart just aerobic
  7. calcium source = heart is sarcoplasmic reticulum and extracellular calcium. skeletal just the first one
    8, neural control = heart involuntary vice versa
30
Q

conduction system anatomy

A
  • sinoatrial node - pacemaker initiating depolarization
  • atrioventricular node - passes depolarisation to ventricles and delay to allow ventricular filling
  • bundle branches.- connect Artie to ventricles
  • purkinje fibers = spread depolarisation wave throughout ventricles
31
Q

ECG

A
  • P wave = atrial depolarization
  • QRS complex = ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarisation
  • T wave = ventricular repolarisation
32
Q

conduction system of the heart

A
  • action potential in SA node and travel across wall of atrium to AV node
  • through AV node and AV bindle thorough fibrous skeleton into interventicular septum
  • AV bindle divides and action potential descending into apex of each ventricle along branches
  • APs are carried by purkinje fibres from branches to ventricular walls
33
Q
A

applied exercise physiology (11 decks)

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