The Cell Flashcards
(40 cards)
What do all cells have
Plasma membrane, cytosol, chromosomes, ribosomes
Where are ribosomes found
Attached to the ER (which makes the RER) and floating in the cytoplasm
What is the nuclear pore for
To get proteins in the nucleus and to get RNA out of the nucleus
What is Progeria caused by
Defects in the nuclear lamina - their cells have defectively shaped nuclei and their cells can’t divide as much (their body can’t replace damaged cells and they age fast)
What is part of the endomembrane system
SER and RER, Golgi, lysosome, transport vesicles
Functions of the SER
Regulates calcium levels (cells release Ca2+ from SER and this is important for fertilization
Detoxifies drugs and poisons (SER in liver cells expands to increase tolerance)
Production of lipids
Describe the path a protein takes to get out of the cell
1) a ribosome makes a protein and it goes to RER and binds to it
2) Transitional ER packages proteins
3) transport vesicles bud off the TER, they are moved by motor proteins that walk along microtubules
4) Golgi: cis face is where the transport vesicles fuse to, trans ffface is the part where secretory vesicles bud off of. They are glycosylated
5) secretory vesicles bud off trans face and ride on microtubules to right under plasma membrane
6) exocytosis at plasma membrane (secreted protein gets outside cell)
What is ADH
Protein made in hypothalamus that tells kidneys to absorb water when people are dehydrated
What is the problem with people whose ADH signalling doesn’t work
They have diabetes insipidus - their ADH doesn’t work properly because their kidneys dont get the signal to absorb water and so they become dehydrated
What is the lysosome and what does it have
The digestive part of our cell. It is very acidic and has lots of H+ to help digest things, it has hydrolytic enzymes that digest lipids and proteins
Cells use lysosomes for endocytosis or phagocytosis to bring things into the cell
How do lysosomes work
They make endosome vesicles which go to lysosome to get digested
Phagocytosis
When a cell engulfs a large particle and it goes to the lysosome to be digested (our WBCs do this for viruses)
Autophagy
Self eating (not killing the cell!) cells build a membrane around parts of cell and form autophagosomes which are sent to lysosome to get degraded
why do cells do autophagy
To recycle damaged parts, to help cells deal with starvation
Lysosomal storage diseases
make a hydrolytic enzyme in lysosome and stuff won’t be digested properly and lysosome will get swollen - neurons with undigested stuff will die
what is the route a hydrolytic enzyme follows to get into a lysosome
They’re made in ribosomes on RER, get sent to Golgi then lysosome
Evolution of mitochondria and chloroplasts
they both have their own chromosomes and make their own ribosomes and divide independently, two membranes - inner one is similar to a prokaryotic cell
what do mitochondria and chloroplasts do
change energy from 1 form to another
Endosymbiosis of mito and chloroplast
Mito: arose in eukaryotic cells through phagocytosis of an aerobically respiring mitochondria which allowed eukaryotes to produce ATP more efficiently
Chloroplasts: arose in eukaryotic cells through engulfment of a photosynthetic prokaryotic cell which allowed the eukaryotic cell to make its own glucose using sublight
“Anatomy” of mitochondria
Has outer membrane and inner membrane (inner has cristae to increase surface area)
Space between membranes is intermembrane space
Space inside inner membrane is mitochondrial matrix
What is aerobic respiration
Using oxygen to break down glucose into carbon dioxide to produce ATP
What kind of bonds is reduced carbon
covalent C-H bonds there are lots of energy in these bonds
every time carbon is oxidized there is less energy
Where does glycolysis occur and where does citric acid cycle occue
Cytoplasm and mitochondrial matrix
What does glycolysis break down and make
Breaks down glucose to make 2 molecules of pyruvate (highly reduced carbon goes to partially oxidized carbon)
