The Cell Flashcards
(150 cards)
1
Q
What is a semi permeable membrane
A
A membrane that is permeable to the small molecules of water and certain solutes, but does not allow the passage of large solute molecules
2
Q
Which of the following organelles would NOT be found in a plant cell?
A
A food vacuole
3
Q
Some cells take in large molecules through the process of:
A
Endocytosis
4
Q
Which of the following cell parts is described as a “fluid mosaic”?
A
A cell membrane
5
Q
A cell that is missing lysosomes would have difficulty doing what?
A
Digesting food
6
Q
Which of the following is composed of a large and a small subunit?
A
Ribosome
7
Q
The centriole is most like the:
A
Flagella
8
Q
Which of the following structures has a 9 + 2 arrangement?
A
Flagella
9
Q
Amino acid chains built by the ribosomes then move to the:
A
endoplasmic reticulum
10
Q
The lipid bilayer keeps the inside of the cell membrane:
A
Wet
11
Q
Which of the following could be found in BOTH the nucleus and the cytoplasm
A
both RNA & ribosomes
12
Q
Facilitated diffusion ____ require energy and uses the help of ______
A
does not, transport proteins
13
Q
A semi permeable membrane is stretched across a chamber filled with water. The membrane is only permeable to water. 60 mg of salt is added to the left side of the chamber. Which of the following will happen?
A
water will move toward the left side
14
Q
The phospholipid bilayer of the cell membrane is like a(n):
A
screen door
15
Q
The door to your house is like the ___ of a cell membrane?
A
gated channel
16
Q
What part of the cell is responsible for breaking down and digesting things?
A
Lysosomes
17
Q
What part of the cell serves as the intracellular highway?
A
endoplasmic reticulum
18
Q
Which of the following would you NOT find in a bacterial cell?
A
Golgi apparatus
19
Q
What part of the cell serves to process, package and export proteins?
A
Golgi apparatus
20
Q
Where are ribosomes usually located in animal and plant cells?
A
on the endoplasmic reticulum
21
Q
What part of the cell make proteins?
A
Ribosomes
22
Q
The jellylike interior of the cell is called the:
A
cytoplasm
23
Q
Which of the following is found in plant cells, but not animal cells?
A
A cell wall
24
Q
Which of the following would you NOT find in a bacterial cell?
A
Golgi apparatus
25
This organelle functions in cellular respiration:
Mitochondrion
26
The organelle functions to package and deliver proteins
Golgi apparatus
27
Cell organelles are located within the ____ of the cell
Cytoplasm
28
The endoplasmic reticulum functions to:
transport materials
29
This organelle is responsible for destroying worn-out cell parts:
Lysosomes
30
Located within the nucleus, it is responsible for producing ribosomes:
Nucleolus
31
Which structure is directly responsible for the formation of proteins within the cell.
Ribosomes
32
This structure serves as the outer boundary of the eukaryotic cell?
The cell membrane
33
Unlike eukaryotes, prokaryotes do not have:
A membrane bound nucleus
34
What are the main components of cell theory?
- All living things are made of cells
- cells can only come from other cells
- cells are the basic unit of life
35
Cyto means:
Cell
36
What are organelles?
A collective name for tiny structures that carry out cell functions
37
Which of the following is NOT a type of passive transport
Endocytosis
38
What are 3 forms of passive transport?
Diffusion, osmosis and facilitated diffusion
39
Chamber A contains 40% helium and Chamber B contains 20% helium. Chambers are connected by a tube the molecules are free to cross. Which of the following will occur?
Some helium will move from chamber A to chamber B
40
What will happen to an animal cell placed in a salt water solution?
The cell will shrink
41
An animal cell placed in a hypotonic (any external solution with a low solute concentration and high water concentration compared to the cell. Resulting in a net movement of water from the solution into the body) solution will:
Take on water
42
Active transport requires?
Energy.
Not: osmosis, a hypertonic solution or a concentration gradient. These are PASSIVE
43
What are types of active transport?
Sodium-potassium pump, Endocytosis, exocytosis
44
Which of the following occurs in both photosynthesis and respiration?
Chemiosmosis
45
Which of the following statements is false?
- Glycolysis can occur with or without oxygen
- Glycolysis occurs in the mitochondria
- Glycolysis is the first step in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration
- Glycolysis produces 2 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 pyruvate
Glycolysis occurs in the mitochondria
46
Draw a cell in prophase; anaphase, metaphase and telophase.
The first phase of mitosis, during prophase the complex of DNA and proteins contained in the nucleus (known as chromatin) condenses. Now what about anaphase, metaphase and telophase?
47
During which phase fo chromosomes first become visible?
Prophase
48
Cytokinesis begins in which phase?
Telophase
49
The order of Mitosis
P M A T.
50
During what phase does DNA make a copy of itself?
Interphase
51
Each chromosome consists of 2 ________?
Chromatids
52
Most cells spend their lives in which phase?
Interphase
53
Which of the following can be determined from a karyotype?
- the sex of the individual
- whether the individual has Down Syndrome
- The number of chromosomes present
- all of these
All of these
54
A spindle forms during which phase?
Prophase
55
Are all these parts of a chromosome?
- Chromatid
- Centromere
- Kinetochore
Yes
56
Is interphase a part of mitosis?
No
57
Describe anaphase with a drawing
:)
58
The process of mitosis ensures that?
Each new cell receives the proper number of chromosomes
59
Meiosis results in?
4 haploid daughter cells
60
Which of the following cells undergo meiosis?
Sperm cells and ova cells
61
Describe prophase 1 versus prophase 2
62
Describe anaphase 1 vs anaphase 2
63
Describe telophase 1 vs telophase 2
64
Describe metaphase 1 vs metaphase 2
65
Crossing over occurs during?
Prophase 1
66
Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces?
- zygotes
- chromosomes
- dna
- gametes
Gametes
67
A cell with a diploid number of 24 undergoes meiosis, how many chromosomes are in each daughter cell?
12
68
A human being has _____ autosomes and ______ sex chromosomes
- 23, 1
- 22 pairs, 1 pair
- 23, 23
- 2, 2
22 pairs, 1 pair
69
A section of chromosomes that codes for a trait can be called a(n):
- nucleotide
- base-pair
- gene
- nucleus
Gene
70
Somatic cells of a human have ____ chromosomes and are called ____
- 10, haploid
- 92, diploid
- 23, haploid
- 46, diploid
46, diploid
71
A person who received an extra chromosome could have?
Down syndrome
72
Each chromosome consists of 2 identical?
Chromatids
73
Two alleles for pea plant height are designated T (tall) and t (dwarf). These alleles are found on:
- genes
- sex chromosomes
- ribosomes
- homologous chromosomes
Homologous chromosomes
74
An animal has 40 chromosomes in its gametes, how many chromosomes would you expect to find in this animal's brain cells?
80
75
A picture of a person's chromosomes is called a(n):
Karyotype
76
During which phase of mitosis is DNA replicated?
Interphase
77
Who was credited with the first vaccine?
- Edward Jenner
- Jonas Salk
- Louis Pasteur
- Ignatz Semmelweis
Edward Jenner
78
Ignatz Semmelweis contribution to medicine was:
- the development of antibiotics
- identification of the pathogen that caused childbed fever
- to encourage hand washing in hospitals
- developing a vaccine
To encourage hand washing within hospitals
79
Pasteurization refers to a method designed to:
- prevent illness in children
- prevent spoilage of food
- immunize against disease
- identify a disease causing agent
Prevent spoilage of food
80
In order to fully develop the Germ Theory, what historical idea had to be debunked?
- creationism
- midwife practices
- lunar cycles
- spontaneous generation
Spontaneous generation
81
Accoring to his method of identifying a disease-causing agent, the pathogen must first be:
- visible under a microcope
- present in the environment
- present in all hosts that have the disease
- destroyed using heat
Present in all hosts that have the disease
82
Which scientist developed a way to identify disease causing agents?
Koch
83
Which observation lead to the smallpox vaccine?
Dairy maids did not normally get smallpox
84
Diseases carried by animals are referred to as?
Zoonotic
85
The ability of an organism to cause a disease is called?
Virulence
86
An intermediate carrier for a disease is called a(n)?
- pathogen
- vector
- parasite
- viriod
Vector
87
A virus consists of:
- RNA or DNA and a cell membrane
- RNA or DNA and a protein coat
- RNA and DNA and a protein coat
- proteins, cell membrane and RNA
RNA or DNA and a protein coat
88
How do viruses reproduce?
- They divide by mitosis
- Sexually, by external fertilisation
- Replication outside the host
- Inserting DNA into the host cell
Inserting DNA into the host cell
89
Which of the following is smallest?
- eukaryote cell
- bacteria
- bacteriophage
- cell membrane protein
Bacteriophage
90
Retroviruses are different from viruses in that?
- they have RNA instead of DNA
- they can become dormant
- they are symmetrical
- all of these
They have RNA instead of DNA
91
Vaccines can be used to prevent viral infection by:
- creating an immune response in the host
- destroying any viruses that enter the host
- creating a blocking protein on the cell
- preventing replication of the virus
Creating an immune response in the host
92
Antiviral drugs that are used after infection often prevent?
- cell division
- immune system degradation
- reinfection by other viruses
- uptake of the virus
Uptake of the virus
93
Why do some viruses seem to go away and then return later, like a cold sore?
- host has been infected with a different strain
- the immune system forgot the virus
- the virus had entered the lysogenic cycle
- the virus mutated
The virus has entered the lysogenic cycle
94
Why is it difficult to develop vaccines for retroviruses?
RNA mutates more frequently than DNA
95
Viruses are often named by:
- where they were first discovered
- the scientist who discovered it
- the animal that carries it
- all of these
All of these
96
What happens after the virus has been taken up by the cell?
- it begins making protein
- it divides
- it inserts into the host DNA
- it switches to infectious mode
It inserts into the host DNA
97
Which of the following must happen first in order for DNA replication to occur?
- DNA polymerase binds to the leading strand
- DNA is unwound
- Hydrogen bonds form between bases
- chromosomes condense
DNA is unwound
98
Okazaki fragments form on the?
Lagging strand
99
What enzyme(s) is/are required for DNA replication to occur?
DNA helicase, DNA ligiase and DNA polymerase
100
A nucleotide consists of?
A nitrogen base, a sugar and a phosphate
101
The element that transformed the bacteria in griffith’s experiments was?
DNA
102
The Hershey-chase research showed that?
DNA was the molecule of heredity
103
The rungs of the dna ladder are made out of?
Bases
104
In order to transform to a virulent form of bacteria, non encapsulated bacteria must:
Be exposed to killed capsule bacteria
105
A DNA strand has the following bases: A A G C C A. What are the bases on its complimentary strand?
T T C G G T
106
In the Hershey Chase Experiment, DNA was labeled with ____, and bacteriophage protein was labeled with _____.
Radioactive phosphorous, radioactive sulfar
107
What best describes the arrangement of the sides of the DNA molecule?
Antiparallel
108
If a DNA molecule is found to be composed of 40% thymine, what percentage of guanine would be expected?
10%
109
The enzymes that break hydrogen bonds and unwind DNA are:
Helicases
110
DNA replication results in:
2 DNA molecules that each contain a strand of the original
111
During replication, what enzyme adds complimentary bases?
Polymerase
112
Transcription results in:
Messenger RNA
113
How many different amino acids are used to assemble proteins in cells?
20
114
A stretch of chromosome that codes for a trait can be called a(n):
Gene
115
In RNA, N codon(s) translates to N amino acid(s).
1, 1
116
Translation begins:
At the start codon
117
A nucleotide consists of:
A phosphate, a sugar and a nitrogenous base
118
The sugar in RNA is a ___________; while the sugar in DNA is a ______________
Ribose, deoxyribose
119
Which of the following is found on RNA but not DNA?
Uracil
120
RNA is synthesized on a DNA template in a process called ______, which utilizes the enzyme _______
Transcription, RNA polymerase
121
What enzyme is NOT a necessary component of translation?
Ligiasse
122
Given the following DNA strand, which of the following is its complementary mRNA? G G A C T G A T T
C C U G A C U A A
123
Amino acids are joined together into a protein chain by which of the following?
Transfer RNA
124
Proteins contain ____ different amino acids, whereas DNA and RNA are composed of ___ different nucleotides
20, 4
125
Once transcription has been completed, which of the following is NOT necessary for protein synthesis to occur?
DNA. (tRNA, ribosomes and mRNA are all involved in protein synthesis)
126
Which site of the tRNA molecule binds to the mRNA molecule?
Anticodon
127
Okazaki fragments occur on the ________ strand and are bonded together by?
Ligase and lagging strand
128
How many different codons are possible?
64
129
The diploid cells of an animal have 44 chromosomes. How many chromosomes would you expect to find in the animal's sperm cells?
22
130
Down syndrome occurs when an individual has:
Trisomy 21 (an extra chromosome 21)
131
After examining a karyotype of an animal, a researcher counts 50 individual chromosomes of varying sizes. How many homologs are in the karyotype?
25
132
Chromosomes are paired together based on their:
Size, banding pattern and centromere location
133
Chromosomes line up on the equator during:
Metaphase
134
The purpose of mitosis is to?
Create new cells
135
What did Frederick Griffith discover?
That bacteria can transform
136
The 5’ and 3’ numbers are related to the?
Carbon rings in sugar
137
Okazaki fragments occur during:
Replication
138
What is the long name for DNA?
DeoxyRIBOnucleic acid
139
The process by which RNA is made from DNA?
Transcription
140
Adenine always pairs with?
Thymine
141
The DNA molecule is held together by:
Hydrogen bonds
142
The process by which DNA makes a copy of itself is called:
Replication
143
A gene is:
A segment of DNA that codes for a protein
144
The sugar found in DNA is:
Deoxyribose
145
Which of the following takes the genetic code to the cytoplasm?
mRNA
146
The 3 nucleotide sequence on RNA is called a:
Codon
147
Three nucleotides code for:
1 amino acid
148
RNA differs from DNA in that:
It has a different kind of sugar, it is single stranded and it uses/has uracil
149
The outside of the DNA ladder (the legs) is composed of alternating ___ and phosphates.
Sugars
150
The process by which RNA is made from DNA is called:
Transcription
