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biomol lec > the cell > Flashcards

the cell Flashcards

1
Q

a prokaryotic cell has 2 domains

A

bacteria
archaebacteria

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2
Q

eukaryotic cell has 4 kingdoms

A

protista
animals
plants
fungi

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3
Q

commonly used in a collage biology laboratory
- can magnify cells up to approx. 400 times

A

light microscope

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4
Q

have a lower magnification than light microscopes and are used to examine larger objects, such as tissue

A

dissecting microscope

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5
Q

2 types of electron microscope

A
  1. scanning electron microscope (SEM)
  2. transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
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6
Q

cell theory:

A
  1. all living things are composed of cells
  2. the cell is the basic unit of life
  3. all cells come from pre-existing cells
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7
Q

similarities between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A
  1. plasma membrane
  2. cytoplasm
  3. DNA
  4. nucleoid region (prokatotes)
  5. nucleus (euka)
  6. ribosomes
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8
Q

general structure of a prokaryotic cell

A
  1. capsule
  2. cell wall
  3. cell membrane
  4. ribosomes
  5. chromosomal DNA is localized in a region called the nucleoid.
  6. flagellum
  7. pili
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9
Q

it is a phospholipid bilayer

A

plasma membrane

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10
Q

a lipid molecule composed of two fatty acid chains, a glycerol backbone, and a phosphate group.

A

phospholipid

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11
Q
  • regulates the passage of some substances, such as organic molecules, ions, and water
  • prevents passage or removing others
A

plasma membrane

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12
Q
  • Located between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope.
  • made up of organelles suspended in the gel-like cytosol, the cytoskeleton, and various chemicals
A

cytoplasm

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13
Q

the site of several metabolic events, including protein production

A

cytoplasm

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14
Q

Within the cytoskeleton, there are three types of fibers:

A
  1. microfilaments
  2. microtubules
  3. intermediate filaments
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15
Q
  • thinnest of the cytoskeletal fibers
  • function in moving cellular components, for example, during cell division.
A

microfilaments

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16
Q

maintain the structure of microvilli

A

microfilaments

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17
Q

common in muscle cells and are responsible for muscle cell contraction

A

microfilaments

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18
Q

have structural functions, such as maintaining the shape of the cell and anchoring organelles

A

intermediate filaments

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19
Q
  • thickest of the cytoskeletal fibers
  • Are hollow tubes that can dissolve and reform quickly
A

microtubules

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20
Q

Guide organelle movement and are the structures that pull chromosomes to their poles during cell division

A

microtubules

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21
Q

a group of membranes and organelles in eukaryotic cells that work together to modify, package, and transport lipids and proteins

A

endomembrane system

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22
Q

endomembrane system includes:

A

nuclear envelope,
lysosomes,
vesicles,
endoplasmic reticulum,
golgi apparatus

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23
Q

the ______________ is included in the endomembrane system because it interacts with the other endomembranous organelles

A

plasma membrane

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24
Q

most prominent organelle in a cell.

A

nucleus

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25
Q

The _______ houses the cell’s DNA in the form of chromatin and directs the synthesis of ribosomes and proteins.

A

nucleus

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26
Q

is a double-membrane structure that constitutes the outermost portion of the nucleus

A

nuclear envelope

27
Q

Both the inner and outer membranes of the nuclear envelope are

A

phospholipid bilayers

28
Q

The nuclear envelope is punctuated with (_________) that control the passage of ions, molecules, and RNA between the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm.

A

nuclear pores

29
Q

combination of DNA and proteins is called

A

chromatin

30
Q

nucleus parts

A
  1. nuclear envelope
  2. nuclear pores
  3. chromatin
  4. nucleolus
31
Q

aggregates the ribosomal RNA with associated proteins to assemble the ribosomal subunits that are then transported through the nuclear pores into the cytoplasm.

A

nucleolus

32
Q

ribosomes attached to its cytoplasmic surface give it a studded appearance when viewed through an electron microscope.

A

rough endoplasmic reticulum

33
Q

synthesize proteins while attached to the ER, resulting in transfer of their newly synthesized proteins into the lumen of the RER where they undergo modifications such as folding or addition of sugars

A

ribosomes

34
Q

The ____ also makes phospholipids for cell membranes.

A

RER

35
Q

continuous with the RER but has few or no ribosomes on its cytoplasmic surface.

A

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

36
Q
  • synthesis of carbohydrates, lipids (including phospholipids),
  • steroid hormones;
  • detoxification of medications and poisons; alcohol metabolism; and
    -storage of calcium ions.
A

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

37
Q

A series of flattened membranous sacs where sorting, tagging, packaging, and distribution of lipids and proteins take place.

A

golgi appratus

38
Q

It has a receiving face near the endoplasmic reticulum and a releasing face on the side away from the ER, toward the cell membrane.

A

golgi apparatus

39
Q

spherical, membrane bound organelles that are generated by the golgi apparatus.

A

lysosome

40
Q

They contain hydrolytic enzymes, and so function as part of the recycling system of the cell.

A

lysosome

41
Q

uses their hydrolytic enzymes to destroy disease-causing organisms that might enter the cell.

A

lysosome

42
Q

membrane-bound sacs that function in storage and transport.

A

vesicle and vacuoles

43
Q

membrane of a ______ does not fuse with the membranes of other cellular components.

A

vacuole

44
Q

______ can fuse with other membranes within the cell system.

A

vesicles

45
Q

are enzyme complexes that are responsible for protein synthesis.

A

ribosomes

46
Q

Because protein synthesis is essential for all cells, _____ are found in practically every cell,

A

ribosomes

47
Q

particularly abundant in immature red blood cells for the synthesis of hemoglobin

A

ribosomes

48
Q

often called the “powerhouses” or “energy factories” of a cell because they are responsible for making adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

A

mitochondria

49
Q

The formation of ATP from the breakdown of glucose is known as _______

A

cellular respiration

50
Q
  • are small, round organelles enclosed by single membranes.
  • They carry out oxidation reactions that break down fatty acids and amino acids.
A

peroxisomes

51
Q

They also detoxify many poisons that may enter the body.

A

peroxisomes

52
Q

what can be found in plant cells only

A

chloroplasts
cell wall
plasmodesmata

53
Q

what can be found in animal cells only

A

centrioles
lysosomes
centrosomes

54
Q

a rigid covering that protects the cell, provides structural support, and gives shape to the cell. Fungal and protist cells also have this.

A

cell wall

55
Q

the chief component of prokaryotic cell walls is ______

A

peptidoglycan

56
Q

the major organic molecule in the plant cell wall is _______

A

cellulose

57
Q

a polysaccharide made up of long, straight chains of glucose units.

A

cellulose

58
Q

function in photosynthesis and can be found in eukaryotic cells such as plants and algae.

A

chloroplasts

59
Q

In photosynthesis,______ , _____, and ______ are used to make glucose and oxygen.

A

carbon dioxide,
water
light energy

60
Q

The chloroplasts contain a green pigment called _______ , which captures the energy of sunlight for photosynthesis

A

chlorophyll

61
Q

plays a key role in regulating the cell’s concentration of water in changing environmental conditions.

A

central vacuole

62
Q

In plant cells, the liquid inside the central vacuole provides_________, which is the outward pressure caused by the fluid inside the cell.

A

turgor pressure

63
Q
A

biomol lec (4 decks)

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