The Cell

Question 1

Overall Theme

Answer 1

Cells are the basic structural and functional units of life

Question 2

People who made the cell theory

Answer 2

• Matthias Schleiden
• Theodor Schwann
• Rudolf Virchow

Question 3

Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann

Answer 3

• All organisms are composed of one or more cells
• The cell is the structural unit of life

Question 4

Rudolf Virchow

Answer 4

Cells can arise only by division from preexisting cell

Question 5

Theme 1: Living things, though ___ __ when viewed from the outside, are fundamentally __ inside.

Answer 5

infinitely varied; similar

Question 6

The cell carries all ___ ___ that defines each species

Answer 6

hereditary information

Question 7

1. All cells store their ___ ___ in the form of DNA

Answer 7

hereditary information

Question 8

A long, unbranched, double-stranded molecule formed by four nucleotides

Answer 8

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Question 9

The component of nucleotide

Answer 9

phosphate, sugar, and base

Question 10

It links the nucleotide in each strand

Answer 10

covalent bonds

Question 11

It holds the two DNA strands together

Answer 11

Hydrogen bonds

Question 12

It determines the genetic information

Answer 12

sequence of bases

Question 13

The person conducted the transformation experiment on Streptococcus pneuomoniae

Answer 13

Frederick Griffith (1928)

Question 14

Characteristic of Smooth type strain

Answer 14

• thick polysaccharide capsule
• smooth mucoid colonies
• pathogenic/ virulent

Question 15

Characteristic of Rough type strain

Answer 15

• no capsule
• rough colonies
• non-pathogenic/ avirulent

Question 16

Possible explanation of Griffith’s experiment

Answer 16

Information from the heat-killed S type was transferred to the live R type

Question 17

Scientist who conducted similar experiment of Griffith

Answer 17

M. H. Dawson (1930) and J. L. Alloway (1932)

Question 18

Conclusion of Dawson and Alloway’s experiment

Answer 18

A transforming principle or agent is responsible

Question 19

Blender Experiment

Answer 19

Henry and Chase

Question 20

Radioactive portion on T2 phages

Answer 20

35Sulfur and 32Phosphorous

Question 21

Friedrich Miescher

Answer 21

DNA is made of nucleotides

Question 22

1 purine : 1 pyrimidine

Answer 22

Erwin Chargaff

Question 23

Suggested that DNA is triple-stranded

Answer 23

Linus Paulin, Rollin Hotchkiss, and Ronald Fisher

Question 24

what is the third strand he thought as DNA strand

Answer 24

Collagen

Question 25

Provided xray diffraction photograph of crystalline DNA

Answer 25

Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin

Question 26

Watson and Crick's paper was published in ___

Answer 26

Nature (1953) about 900 words

Question 27

2. All cells replicate their DNA by ___ ___

Answer 27

templated polymerization

Question 28

DNA is synthesized using a ___ formed by a preexisting DNA strand

Answer 28

template

Question 29

The ___ ___ sequence in one strand is ___ to the other strand

Answer 29

nucleotide sequence; complementary

Question 30

DNA synthesis occurs in a ___-___ manner

Answer 30

semi-conservative

Question 31

Three Proposed Models for DNA Replication

Answer 31

Conservative, Semiconservative, Dispersive

Question 32

Experiment that proved the semiconservative manner

Answer 32

Meselson-Stahl experiment

Question 33

3. ___ is a DNA fragment corresponding to one protein or RNA

Answer 33

Gene

Question 34

___ dictates the nature of proteins, when and where they are to be made

Answer 34

Genome

Question 35

Gene expression is a ___ process

Answer 35

Regulated

Question 36

___ ___ specify the transcripts and protein products

Answer 36

Coding sequence

Question 37

___-___ ___ serves as punctuations and ___ ___ that control the local rate of transcription

Answer 37

Non-coding regions; regulatory sequences

Question 38

Long non-coding RNA is _____ nt long with little to no protein-coding potential

Answer 38

~1,000-10,000

Question 39

4. All cells ___ portions of their DNA into RNA

Answer 39

transcribe

Question 40

RNA is a ___-___ polynucleotide closely related to DNA

Answer 40

single-stranded

Question 41

Component of RNA: - Sugar: ___ - Bases: ___

Answer 41

Ribose; A, G, C, U

Question 42

RNA molecule is ___ and can fold up into specific shapes

Answer 42

Flexible

Question 43

The shape of RNA may enable it to ___ and ___ ___ molecules, even catalyze some chemical changes

Answer 43

recognize; selectively bind

Question 44

Transcription is a form of ___ ___ that faithfully rewrites DNA to RNA

Answer 44

templated polymerization

Question 45

___ ___ serves as the template to produce RNA transcripts

Answer 45

Noncoding strand

Question 46

These transcripts function as ___ in the transfer of genetic information

Answer 46

intermediates

Question 47

It guides the synthesis of proteins

Answer 47

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

Question 48

5. All Cells translate ___ into ___ in the same way

Answer 48

RNA; protein

Question 49

Protein are long, unbranched polymers of ___ ___

Answer 49

amino acids

Question 50

Function of proteins

Answer 50

put the cell's genetic information into action

Question 51

DNA sequence specifies the ___ ___ sequence, which in turn determines the ___ of the protein product

Answer 51

amino acid; function

Question 52

It gives the protein a distinct chemical property

Answer 52

side chain

Question 53

6. All cells use proteins as ___

Answer 53

catalysts

Question 54

___ ___ protein folds into a specific conformation forming reactive sites known as ___

Answer 54

Catalytic protein; enzyme

Question 55

7. All cells ___ and ___ energy

Answer 55

acquire and utilize

Question 56

Theme 1

Answer 56

1. DNA is the genetic information of all cells 2. DNA is synthesized via templated polymerization 3. Gene is a DNA segment corresponding to one protein or DNA 4. All cells transcribe portions of their DNA into RNA 5. All cells translate RNA into proteins in the same way 6. All cells use proteins as catalysts 7. All cells acquire and utilize free energy

Question 57

Organisms with different way of obtaining free energy

Answer 57

- Organotrophic - Phototrophic - Lithotrophic

Question 58

Organisms that feeb on other living things or the organic chemicals they produce

Answer 58

Organotrophic

Question 59

Organisms that harvest sunlight and convert it intro chemical forms used by the cell

Answer 59

Phototrophic

Question 60

Organism that capture their energy from energy.-rich systems of inorganic chemicals in the environment

Answer 60

Lithotrophic

Question 61

All cells are enclosed in a ___ ___ across which nutrients and waste materials must pass

Answer 61

Plasma membrane

Question 62

Plasma membranes acts as a ___ barrier

Answer 62

selective

Question 63

membrane ____ proteins determines which molecules enter the cell

Answer 63

transport

Question 64

membrane ____ proteins determines which molecules enter the cell

Answer 64

transport

Question 65

___ molecules (phospholipid) aggregate spontaneously to form a bilayer in water

Answer 65

amphiphilic

Question 66

cells produce molecules with chemical properties that cause them to ____ into structures that a cell needs

Answer 66

self-assemble

Question 67

Cells are covered with ___ that interact with substances in the environment

Answer 67

receptors

Question 68

Cells respond to stimuli by altering their ___ ___

Answer 68

metabolic activities

Question 69

Cells us specific ___ ___ to regulate cellular responses to maintain homeostasis

Answer 69

feedback circuits

Question 70

___ ___ randomly modified the DNA sequence through various types of error during DNA replication

Answer 70

Intragenic mutation

Question 71

___ ___ creates pair of identical genes within a single cell

Answer 71

Gene duplication

Question 72

DNA ___ ___ occurs when two or more existing genes break and rejoin to make a hybrid gene

Answer 72

segment shuffling

Question 73

___ (intracellular) ___ introduce a piece of DNA from the genome of one cell to another

Answer 73

Horizontal transfer

Question 74

2 distinct kingdom of prokaryotic cells

Answer 74

Eubacteria and Archaea