THE CELL Flashcards
(108 cards)
1
Q
How many parts does the cell theory have?
A
3
2
Q
What are the three parts of the cell theory?
A
- All living things are made from cells 2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in an organism (basic unit of life) 3. Cells come from the reproduction of existing cells (cell division)
3
Q
True or false: Viruses are living
A
False
4
Q
Can viruses be killed?
A
Yes :)
5
Q
What can viruses not maintain?
A
A constant internal state AKA homeostasis
6
Q
What are viruses composed of?
A
An inner core of nucleic acid
7
Q
What are viruses composed of?
A
One or two protein coats
8
Q
What do viruses reproduce in?
A
ONLY living cells
9
Q
What are eukaryotes?
A
Cells that have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
10
Q
What are some eukaryotic organisms?
A
Protists, fungi, plants, and animals
11
Q
What are the 3 basic cell structures that eukaryotic cells have?
A
A nucleus, a cell membrane, and cytoplasm, with organelles
12
Q
Once eukaryotic cells get too _________, the cell must __________
A
Large, divide
13
Q
What are the basic types of cells?
A
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic
14
Q
What are unicellular organisms?
A
Organisms composed of one cell
15
Q
What are multicellular organisms?
A
Organisms composed of many cells that may organize into tissues, etc
16
Q
What are prokaryotes?
A
Cells that include bacteria and lack a nucleus or membrane-bound structures called organelles
17
Q
Prokaryotes have what?
A
A nucleoid region that contains the DNA, a cell membrane, and a cell wall
18
Q
How big are organelles?
A
Very small (microscopic, even!)
19
Q
What do organelles do?
A
They perform various functions for a cell
20
Q
Where can organelles be found?
A
The cytoplasm
21
Q
Organelles may or may not be ____________
A
Membrane-bound
22
Q
What does the nucleus do?
A
Controls the normal activities of the cell and contains DNA in chromosomes
23
Q
What is the nucleus bound by?
A
A nuclear envelope (membrane) with pores
24
Q
Genes control __________
A
Cell characteristics
25
DNA is located in the __________
Nucleus
26
What does the nucleus do?
Makes ribosomes that make proteins
27
Where is the nucleolus?
The nucleus
28
How many nucleoli can a cell have?
1-3
29
What happens to the nucleolus when the cell divides?
It disappears
30
What is the golgi apparatus?
An organelle that is a stack of flattened sacs
31
What sides does the golgi apparatus have?
A shipping side (trans face) and a receiving side (cis face)
32
What are functions of the golgi apparatus?
Receive proteins made by the endoplasmic reticulum, transport vesicles with modified proteins, modify, sort, and package molecules from the endoplasmic reticulum for storage or transport out of the cell
33
What is the endoplasmic reticulum?
An organelle that's a network of hollow membrane tubules
34
What does the endoplasmic reticulum connect to?
The nuclear envelope and cell membrane
35
What functions does the endoplasmic reticulum have?
Synthesis of cell products and transport
36
What are the two kinds of endoplasmic reticulum?
Rough and smooth
37
What does the endoplasmic reticulum have on its surface?
Ribosomes
38
What does the rough endoplasmic reticulum do?
Makes membrane proteins and proteins for export out of the cell
39
What does the smooth endoplasmic reticulum NOT have on its surface?
Ribosomes
40
What is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum attached to?
The ends of a rough endoplasmic reticulum
41
What does the smooth endoplasmic reticulum do?
Makes cell products that are used inside the cell, makes membrane lipids (steroids), regulates calcium (muscle cells), and destroys toxic substances (liver)
42
What are lysosomes?
Organelles that contain digestive enzymes
43
What do lysosomes do?
Break down food, bacteria, and worn out cell parts
44
Cells take in food by ________
Phagocytosis
45
True or false: Lysosomes are involved in programmed cell death (autolysis) sometimes
True
46
How do lysosomes release enzymes?
They lyse (break open)
47
What is the mitochondria?
THE POWERHOUSE OF THE CELL (it's an organelle)
48
What does the mitochondria do?
Generate cellular energy (ATP)
49
What is the mitochondria surrounded by?
A double membrane
50
What is the folded inner membrane of the mitochondria called?
The cristae
51
What does the cristae do?
Increases surface area for more chemical reactions
52
What is the interior of the mitochondria called?
The matrix
53
How does the mitochondria release energy (ATP)?
It breaks down glucose
54
_______ cells like muscle cells have more mitrochondria
Active
55
Both ________ and __________ cells have mitochondria
Plant and animal
56
The mitochondria is the site of ______________
Cellular respiration
57
The mitochondria has its own ________
DNA
58
What are chloroplasts?
Organelles found only in producers (organisms containing chlorophyl)
59
Chloroplasts contain their own ________
DNA
60
Chloroplasts contain _____________ and ____________ for photosynthesis
Enzymes, pigments
61
What are chloroplasts surrounded by?
A double membrane
62
The inner membrane of chloroplasts is modified into sacs called ___________
Thylakoids
63
Thylakoids in stacks are called _________ and are _________________
Grana, interconnected
64
What is the gel-like material that surrounds thylakoids?
Stroma
65
What are ribosomes?
Organelles that are not membrane bound
66
What are ribosomes made of?
Proteins and RNA
67
What do ribosomes do?
Join amino acids together to make proteins (PROTEIN SYNTHESIS)
68
What can ribosomes be attached to?
Rough endoplasmic reticulum or they can be unattached in the cytoplasm
69
What are cilia and flagella?
Organelles that extend from the cell surface
70
What are cilia and flagella made of?
Protein tubes called microtubules
71
What do cilia and flagella do?
Move cells, move fluids or small particles across the cell surface
72
Cilia are ______ and more ________ on cells, while flagella are _______ and _________ (usually _________) on cells
Cilia are shorter and more numerous on cells, while flagella are longer and fewer (usually 1-3) on cells
73
What are centrioles?
Paired structures near the nucleus
74
True or false: centrioles are only found in plant cells
FALSE, they are only found in animal cells
75
What are centrioles made of?
A bundle of microtubules
76
When do centrioles appear?
During cell division
77
What do centrioles form?
A mitrotic spindle
78
What do centrioles do?
Help to pull chromosome pairs apart to opposite ends of the cell
79
What are vacuoles?
Organelles that are fluid filled sacs
80
What are vacuoles' function?
Storage
81
Vacuoles are _______ or ________ in animal cells
Small or absent
82
Plant cells have a ________ _________ vacuole
Large, central
83
True or false: There are no vacuoles in bacterial cells
True
84
What do vacuoles store?
Sugars, proteins, minerals, lipids, wastes, salts, water, and enzymes
85
What does the contractile vacuole do?
It keeps the cell from lysing (bursting) and regulates water intake by pumping out excess
86
Where are contractile vacuoles found?
Unicellular protists like paramecia
87
What is cytoplasm?
A jelly-like substance enclosed by the cell membrane
88
What does the cytoplasm provide?
A medium for chemical reactions to take place
89
What does the cytoplasm contain?
Organelles
90
In what cells are cytoplasm found in?
ALL OF EM
91
What is the cytoskeleton made of?
Proteins
92
What does the cytoskeleton help with?
Maintaining cell shape and moving organelles around
93
Microfilaments are threadlike and made of _________
Actin
94
Microtubules are tube-like and made of __________
Tubulin
95
Where in the cell is the cell wall found?
Outside of the cell membrane
96
What types of organisms are cell walls found in?
Plants, fungi, and bacteria
97
What is the cell wall made of in plants?
Cellulose
98
What is the cell wall made of in bacteria?
Peptidoglycan
99
What is the cell wall made of in fungi?
Chitin
100
What does the cell wall do?
Supports and protects the cell
101
The cell wall is a _____________ layer
Non-living
102
Where is the cell/plasma membrane found on cells?
The outside of all cells
103
What is the cell/plasma membrane made of?
A double layer of phospholipids and proteins
104
What does the cell/plasma membrane control?
What enters or leaves the cell
105
True or false: The cell/plasma membrane wall is not fluid
False. It's fluid
106
The cell/plasma membrane is a _________ layer
Living
107
True or false: The cell membrane and plasma membrane are two different organelles
Fake just like ur friends
108
Molecules in the cell/plasma membrane are constantly __________ and ___________
Moving and changing
