The Cell

Question 1

What are the 4 tenets of cell theory?

Answer 1

1. the cell is the basic functional unit of life
2. all cells come from preexisting cells
3. all living things are composed of cells
4. cells carry genetic information in DNA and that information is passed down to daughter cells

Question 2

The cell’s organelles are suspended in the:

Answer 2

cytosol

Question 3

The cytosol allows for:

Answer 3

diffusion of molecules throughout the cell

Question 4

The nucleus is surrounded by:

Answer 4

the nuclear membrane or envelope

Question 5

The nuclear membrane is a:

Answer 5

double membrane that maintains the nuclear environment separate from the cytoplasm

Question 6

Nuclear pores allow:

Answer 6

selective 2-way exchange of material between the cytoplasm and the nucleus

Question 7

A gene is:

Answer 7

a region of DNA that codes for a protein

Question 8

Histones are:

Answer 8

organizing proteins around which linear DNA is wound

Question 9

Chromosomes are:

Answer 9

linear strands in which the DNA is further wound

Question 10

The nucleolus is where:

Answer 10

rRNA is synthesized and takes up 25% of volume in the nucleus and can be seen as a dark spot

Question 11

Mitochondria:

Answer 11

1. makes ATP; “powerhouse”; organelle of metabolic functions
2. Are different from other organelles in that they are semiautonomous, contain some of their own genes, and replicate independently of the nucleus using binary fission

Question 12

Mitochondria has:

Answer 12

an outer and inner membrane

Question 13

The outer mitochondrial membrane:

Answer 13

serves as a barrier between the cytosol and the inside of the mitochondria

Question 14

The inner membrane:

Answer 14

has many folds called cristae, contains enzymes and molecules necessary for the electron transport chain

Question 15

The intermembrane space:

Answer 15

the space between the inner and outer membranes of the mitochondria

Question 16

The mitochondrial matrix is:

Answer 16

the space inside the inner membrane; where the protons (H+ ions) get pumped out of and into the intermembrane space

Question 17

apoptosis is:

Answer 17

1. programmed cell death

2. and can be achieved by the mitochondria and lysosome by a release of enzymes

Question 18

lysosomes are:

Answer 18

organelles containing hydrolytic enzymes that are capable of breaking down substrates to include substances ingested by endocytosis and cellular waste products

Question 19

autolysis:

Answer 19

the release of enzymes within the lysosome that breaks down substrates into the cell, resulting in apoptosis

Question 20

Endoplasmic reticulum is:

Answer 20

a series of interconnected membranes that are actually contiguous with the nuclear envelope

comes in 2 varieties: smooth and rough ER

Question 21

Rough ER:

Answer 21

studded with ribosomes which permit the translation of proteins destined for secretion directly into its lumen

Question 22

Smooth ER:

Answer 22

1. lacks ribosomes and is used primarily for lipid synthesis and detoxification of some drugs and poisons
2. transports protein from rough ER to golgi apparatus

Question 23

The Golgi Apparatus:

Answer 23

1. consists of stacked membrane-bound sacs in which cellular products can be modified, packaged, and directed to specific cellular locations
2. UPS of the cell

Question 24

Peroxisomes:

Answer 24

1. contain hydrogen peroxide
2. break down long chain fatty acids via B-oxidation
3. participate in phospholipid synthesis and the pentose phosphate pathway

Question 25

Cytoskeleton:

Answer 25

1. provides stability for the cell AND transport pathways for molecules within the cell 2. made of microfilaments and microtubules

Question 26

Microfilaments:

Answer 26

1. composed of actin 2. provide structural protection from the cell 3.