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MCAT Biology (Kaplan Book) > The Cell > Flashcards

The Cell Flashcards

Everything lol (72 cards)

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1
Q

What do microtubules in the cell do?

A

Serve as lines/tracks for vesicles

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2
Q

Maker of the first compound microscope

A

Robert Hooke

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3
Q

First person to view living cells under a microscope

A

Anton von Leeuwenhoek

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4
Q

Person who demonstrated that diseased cells could come from normal cells

A

Rudolph Virchow

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5
Q

What are the 4 tenets of Cell Theory?

A
  1. All living things are made up of cells
  2. All Living things are made of cells
  3. All cells come from pre-existing cells
  4. Cells carry genetic information in the form of DNA
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6
Q

Aqueous Component of cytoplasm

A

Cytosol

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7
Q

The control center of the cell and contains all genetic material (Eukaryotes)

A

Nucleus

Picture

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8
Q

Section of the cell where ribosomes are made

A

Nucleolus

Picture

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9
Q

Organizing proteins in genetic material/ chromatin

A

Histones

Picture

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10
Q

Power Plant of the cell, site of Cellular Respiration

A

Mitochondria

Picture

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11
Q

Barrier between cytosol and inner environment of mitochondria

A

Outer Membrane of Mitchondria

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12
Q

Contains molecules and enzymes necessary for the Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

A

Inner Membrane of Mitchondria

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13
Q

Numerous in-foldings of Inner Membrane of Mitochondria

A

Cristae

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14
Q

Site of ATP Synthase; the space inside the inner membrane

A

Mitochondrial Matrix

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15
Q

Transmission of genetic material independent of the nucleus

A

Cytoplasmic/Extranuclear Inheritance

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16
Q

Theory that organelles were formed by the engulfing of one prokaryote by another and a symbiotic relationship forming between them

A

Serial Endosymbiosis

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17
Q

What is Mitochondrial Apoptosis?

A

Mitochondria releases enzymes from ETC that kills the cell

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18
Q

This organelle contains hydrolytic enzymes

A

Lysosome

Picture

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19
Q

What is Lysosomal Apoptosis?

A

Also called Autolysis–Lysosome membrane sequesters hydrolytic enzymes but can also release them causing direct degradation of cell components

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20
Q

Interconnected with nucleus, this organelle has ribosomes and permits the translation of proteins in its lumen

A

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Picture

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21
Q

Also interconnected with nucleus, this organelle lacks ribosomes and is involved with lipid synthesis, detoxification and transporting proteins to the Golgi Apparatus

A

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Picture

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22
Q

Stacked membrane bound sacs, cellular products from RER are modified and shipped to specific parts of the cell. Receives and ships components through vesicles.

A

Golgi Apparatus

Picture

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23
Q

This organelle contains hydrogen peroxide and breaks down long fatty acid chains through Beta-Oxidation. Participates in phospholipid production and pentose phosphate pathway.

A

Peroxisome

Picture

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24
Q

The group of structures in charge of maintaining cell shape/ support and provide conduits for the transport of materials throughout the cell

A

Cytoskeleton

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25
Division of materials between daughter cells
Cytokinesis
26
This sub-group of the cytoskeleton is made up of actin and specializes in generating movement for the cell and forming the cleavage furrow/cytokinesis
Microfilament
27
Projections from the cell involved in movement of materials along the surface
Cilia | Picture
28
Involved in movement of the cell itself
Flagella | Picture
29
This sub-group of the cytoskeleton is made up of tubulin proteins and provide conduits for vesicles and make up cilia and flagella
Microtubules
30
What is the 9+2 structure?
Basic structure of cilia and flagella. Consists of 9 microtubules forming a ring around 2 in the center (Picture)
31
Organizing structures found in centrosomes where it organizes microtubules for the mitotic spindle
Centrioles
32
This type of tissue covers the body, lines cavities and protects against pathogens and dessication
Epithelial Tissue | Picture
33
Important aspect of epithelial tissue where cells bind to in order to be a cohesive unit
Basal Membrane
34
What are parenchyma?
Parts of an organ in charge of the actual function of it
35
Classification of Epithelia-- What is Simple Epithelia structure?
One layer of cells | Picture
36
Classification of Epithelia-- What is Pseudostratified Epithelia structure?
One layer with differing cell heights | Picture
37
Classification of Epithelia-- What is Stratified Epithelia structure?
Multiple layers of cells | Picture
38
Epithelia Cell Shape-- What is squamous?
Scale-like; flat | Picture
39
Epithelia Cell Shape-- What is Cuboidal?
Cube-like | Picture
40
Epithelial Cell Shape-- What is Columnar?
Long and thin; column-like | Picture
41
Type of tissue that provides support for the body and framework of epithelial cells? These type of cells produce extracellular matrix. Examples: Bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, adipose tissue, and blood.
Connective Tissue | Picture
42
Single-celled organisms visually similar to bacteria but genetically and metabolically similar to Eukaryotes
Archaea
43
An organism that uses sunlight to generate energy
Photosynthetic Organism
44
An organism that uses inorganic compounds to generate energy
Chemosynthetic Organism
45
Prokaryotic structure similar to cilia
Fimbriae | Picture
46
Relationship where both organisms benefit
Mutualistic Symbiotic
47
Spherical bacteria shape
Cocci
48
Rod-Shaped bacteria
Bacilli
49
Spiral-Shaped bacteria
Spirilli
50
Organism that needs O2 for metabolic processes
Obligate Aerobe
51
Organism that needs a lack of O2 for metabolic processes | Ex. Use fermentation or a different electron acceptor for Cellular Respiration
Obligate Anaerobe
52
Organisms that can switch between obligate An/Aerobe
Facultative Anaerobe
53
Organisms that are unable to use oxygen but are not harmed by it
Aerotolerant Anerobe
54
Polymeric substance made of amino acids and sugars; makes up Bacterial Cell Wall
Peptidoglycan
55
Space between the cell wall and cell membrane
Periplasmic Space
56
Gram-Negative bacterial substance that makes up their outer membrane
Lipopolysaccharide
57
Prokaryotic flagella are composed of....
1. Filament 2. Basal Body 3. Hook
58
Bacterial process of acquiring foreign DNA from the environment and integrating it into the genome
Transformation
59
Known as "Bacterial form of mating"; involves the creation of a bridge of pili and the transfer of sex factors
Conjugation
60
A virus that carries genetic material from one host to another
Vector
61
The mixing of genetic material through vectors transferring from one host to another
Transduction
62
Viruses that infect bacteria
Bacteriophages
63
Genetic elements capable of inserting and removing themselves from the genome
Transposons
64
Viral Progeny
Virion
65
Type of single-stranded RNA virus whose genome can be directly translated into proteins via ribosomes like mRNA
Positive Sense Virus
66
Type of single-stranded RNA virus that requires synthesis of a complementary RNA strand and its use as a template
Negative Sense Virus
67
RNA viruses that integrate a copy of their DNA genome into a host cell in order to replicate
Retroviruses
68
Enzyme that synthesized DNA from single-stranded RNA
Reverse Transcriptase
69
Virion mode of release where the virion fuses with the plasma membrane of the host cell and bud off
Extrusion | Picture
70
Simultaneous infection
Superinfection
71
Infectious proteins that cause disease by triggering mis-foldings of other proteins
Prions
72
Small pathogens with small circular single-stranded RNA that typically infect plants; they bind to RNA sequences and can "Silence" genes
Viroids

MCAT Biology (Kaplan Book) (2 decks)

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