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The Cell Flashcards

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1
Q

Cell Theory

A

All living things are composed of cells
Cell is basic fucntional unit of life
cells arise from pre exsiting cells
Cells carry genetic info passed onto daughter cells

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2
Q

Viruses

A

contain genetic material but cannot reproduce by themselves; hence not living organisms

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3
Q

Eukaryotic Vs Prokaryotic Main Difference

A

E: Nucleus contained in membrane
P: No nucleus

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4
Q

Purpose of Membrane Bound Organelles

A

allows for compartmentalization of functions in E cells; phospholipid bilayer

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5
Q

Purpose of phospholipid bilayer

A

Inside is hydrophobic and outside is hydrophillic allowing for selective barrier

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6
Q

Nucleus is surrounded by….

A

nuclear membrane/envelope to keep nuclear environment separate from cytosol

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7
Q

Nuclear Pores

A

Allow for selective two way transport of material between cytoplasm and nucleus

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8
Q

DNA’s Coding Regions

A

Genes

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9
Q

Nucleolus

A

subsection of nucleus where rRNA is synthesized

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10
Q

Outermembrane of Mitochondria

A

barrier between cytosol and inner enviornment of mitochondria

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11
Q

Inner Membrane (Cristae)

A

contains the molecules and enzymes needed for ETC

also increase the SA for ETC enzymes

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12
Q

Intermembrane Space and Mitochondrial Matrix

A

pumping of protons from mitochondrial matrix to intermembrane space produces proton-motive force to generate ATP through OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION

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13
Q

Why are mitochondrion different from other parts of the cell?

A

Semi-Autonomous: contain thier own genes and replicate independently

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14
Q

Cytoplasmic/Extranuclear Inheritence

A

transmission of genetic material independent of nucleus

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15
Q

Apoptosis

A

killing of the cell; can be initiated by enzymes from ETC in mitochondria being released

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16
Q

Lysosomes

A

contain hydrolytic enezmyes to breakdown substrates; can lead to apoptosis when autolysis occurs

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17
Q

Autolysis

A

releasing of enzymes from lysosomes into cell leading to apoptosis

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18
Q

ER Rough

A

studded with ribosomes to allow for protein translation directly into inner lumen

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19
Q

ER Smooth

A

lacks ribosomes and used for lipid synthesis

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20
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

stacked membrane bound sacs

ER -> Golgi to be modified by addition of groups (carbs, phosphates, sulfates, signal seq)

Modified products repackaged in vesicles and sent to correct location

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21
Q

Exocytosis

A

vesicles merging with cell membrane to release its contents

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22
Q

Peroxisomes

A

contain hydrogen peroxide to breakdown long fatty acid chains via B-oxidation, synthesis of phospholipids and pentose phosphate pathway

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23
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

provides structure to the cell and helps maintain its shape while conduiting transport of materials around cell.

Microfilaments, Microtubules, Intermediate Filaments

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24
Q

Microfilaments

A
  • polymerized rods of actin that are resistant to compression and fracture
  • (use ATP to generate movement via attaching to myosin)
  • also play a role in cytokinesis by forming ring for cleavage furrow that constricts and splits the cell into 2
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25
Microtubules
- hollow tubulin protein polymers | - primary pathway for kinesin and dynein to carry vesicles
26
Kinesin and Dynein
motor proteins which carry vesicles
27
Cilia
micortubule that move material along the surface of the cell
28
Flagella Eukaroytes
microtubule that move cell itself (sperm)
29
9+2 Structure for Cilia and Flagella
only in eukaryotic organelles of motility 9 microtubules forming ring with two in the center
30
Centrioles
found in centrosome, migrate to opposite poles of dividing cell to organize mitotic spindle microtubules from centrioles attach to chromosomes via kinetochores
31
Intermediate Filaments
cell-cell adhesions, maintenance of integrity of cytoskeleton (rigidness) anchor other organelles and withstand lots of tension
32
Epithelial Cell
covers body and lines cavities for protection against pathogens absorption, secretion and sensation polarized (one side faces lumen, other with blood)
33
Basement Membrane
where epithelial cells are tightly joined to an underlyging layer of connective tissues
34
Parenchyma
functional parts of organs covered by epithelial tissues (nephrons, hepatocytes)
35
Simple, Stratified, Pseudostratified Epithelia
One layer, multiple, appearance of multiple but only one
36
Cuboidal, Columnar, Squamous
cube, long and thin, flat and scale like epithelia shapes
37
Connective Tissue
framework for the epithelia (stroma or support structure) Produce and secrete collagen/elastin to from extracellular matrix Bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, adipose and blood
38
Nucleiod Region
area where concentrated DNA of prokaryotes is found
39
Archae
Prokaroytes single celled organisms with genes/metabolic pathways similar to eukaryotes use alternative sources of energy (photo, chemo, inorganic)
40
Archae similarities to Eukaroyotes
- RNA polymerases, DNA has histones, start translation with methionine
41
Archae similarities to Prokaroytes
single circular chromosome, divide by binary fission, similar structure to bacteria
42
Bacteria
Prokaryote cell membrane, cytoplasm and flagella (sometimes fimbriae which is like cillia) bacterial/eukaryotic flagella are different which can lead to targetting and of course antibiotics (targeting smaller bacetrial ribosomes)
43
Mutualistic Symbiotes
both humans and bacteria benefit from relationship ex: human gut bacteria produce vitamin K and biotin to precent overgrowth of harmful bacteria
44
Pathogens/Parasites
harm host, no benefits live intra or extracellularly
45
Cocci
spherical bacteria
46
Bacilli
rod shaped bacteria
47
Spirilli
spiral shaped bacteria
48
Obligate Aerobes
bacteria that require oxygen for metabolism
49
Anaerobes
bacteria that do not require oxygen, use fermentation or other methods
50
Obligate Anaerobes
bacteria that cannot survive in oxygen due to reactive oxygen radicals reacting causing cell death
51
Facultative Anaerobes
toggle between metabolic processes (depending on if oxygen is present)
52
Aerotolerant Anaerobes
don't use oxygen, but are not harmed by its presense
53
Prokaryotic Cell Wall
forms outer barrier followed by cell membrane within it to form the envelope structure and controls movement of solutes into/out of bacterium
54
Gram Positive Cell Wall
deep purple Thick Layer peptidoglycan to protect from host immune system Lipoteichoic Acid
55
Gram Negative Cell Wall
pink red Thin Layer Peptidoglycan outer membrane with lipopolysaccharides to trigger inflmatory response
56
Flagella Prokaroyte
- movement towards or away food/toxins Filament: bollow, helical structure made of flagellin Hook: connects the basal body and filament Basal Body: anchors flagellum to cytoplasmic membrane and is motor
57
Chemotaxis
ability to move toward or away chemical stimulus
58
Plasmids
circular DNA seperate from chromosomal DNA that carry DNA not needed for survival but other uses such as antibiotic resistance
59
How Prokaryotes Produce ATP
No mitochondria, but cell membrane is used for ETC and ATP generation
60
Ribosomes Prokaryotes
SMaller subunits than Eukaryotes (30 and 50 vs 40 and 60)
61
Binary Fission
how prokaryotes reproduce (asexual) Chromosome binds to cell walll and replicates as cell grows in size Eventually cell wall/membrane grow inward until it splits into 2 cells very rapid
62
Extrachromosomal/Extragenomic Material
Plasmids
63
Virulence Factors
increase how pathogenic a bacterium is, found in plasmids
64
Episomes
subset of plasmids which integrate into genome of bacteria
65
Transformation
integration of foreign material into host genome; gram negative rods carry this out
66
Conjugation
Bacterial mating Conjugation bridge is formed where donor male (+) gives genetic material to recpient female (-) allows for rapid antibiotic resistance and virulence factors in colony
67
Sex Pili
Involved in forming conjugation bridge in conjugation; found in donor male Formed if bacteria contain sex factors (F Factor)
68
F Factor
F+ + F- : F+ replicates its sex factor and donates to the recipient F- to also make it F+ sex factor can be integrated into genome and the entire genome can tried to be donated; usually bridge breaks before this
69
Hfr
High frequency of recombination for cells that go under conjugation
70
Transduction
only one of Conjugation and transformation to require a viral vector (bacteriphages) Bacteriophage takes segment of DNA from Host cell when building within it, it can then infect other host cell with the DNA to incorporate into its genome
71
Transposons
genetic elements found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes that can insert and remove themselves from the genome ; can disrupt genes if inserted in coding region of the gene
72
Bacterial Growth
Lag Phase: bacteria adapting to local conditions Exponential/Log Phase: growth increases and number increases Stationary Phase: resources reduced slowing reproduction Death Phase: bacteria have exceeded the ability of the environment to support the number of bacteria
73
Basic Virus Structure
genetic material, protein coat (Capsid), envelope with lipids
74
Viral Genetic Material
DS/SS, RNA/DNA, Linear/Circular
75
Capsid
protein coat around genetic material that can be covered with lipid based envelope (making it easier to kill)
76
Obligate Intracellular Parasites
Viruses must replicate genetic information within a host cell as they cannot conduct protein synthesis
77
Virions
viral progeny made within host cells due to virus hijacking genetic machinery
78
Tail Sheath
injects genetic material into bacteria
79
Tail Fibers
help virus identify and connect to host cell
80
Positive Sense Virus
SS RNA virus genome can be directly translated to functional proteins by ribosomes
81
Negative Sense Virus
SS RNA virus genome requre complementary seq of the genome before protein synthesis occurs ***REQUIRE RNA REPLICASE TO SYNTHESIZE COMPLEMENTARY STRAND
82
Retrovirus
enveloped, SS RNA carry reverse transcriptase to turn RNA into DNA to incorporate into host genome DNA and only way to cure it is by killing infected cell (HIV!!)
83
Process of Infection
viruses only infect specific cells with specific receptors Enevloped virus will fuse with plasma membrane to allow virion to enter host cell ; sometimes done through endocytosis by host cell as a mistake Tail sheath can form pores on membrane to allow for transfer of material
84
Translation and Progrny Assembly
For virus to produce, translation occurs DNA Virus: go into nucleus to become mRNA then proteins Positive Sense RNA: stay in cytoplasm for ribosomes to trasncribe Negative Sense RNA: RNA replicase first forms complementary and then translated to proteins Retrovirus: RNA becomes DNA via reverse transcriptase and then goes to nucleus Once protein made (often capsid), then encapture viral genome in the form it initially was (DNA, SS RNA, etc when entering host)
85
Progeny Release
1) Cell death leading progeny to spill out 2) Host cell lyses due to number of progeny (disadvantageous) 3) Extrusion: fuses with plasma membrane; allows for virus to continually use the host cell
86
Productive Cycle
Extrusion, where host cell is live and used by the virus
87
Lytic Cycle/Virulent
bacteriphage makes maximal use of host cell leading to cell lysing; can infect other bacteria.
88
Lysogenic Cycle
If no lysing occurs, it becomes a provirus/prophage virus is replicated as bacteria reproduces, will eventually go into lytic phase due to enviornmental factors
89
Superinfection
simultaneous infection by multiple phages; once a phage infects, bacteria is usually less susceptible to this
90
Prions
infectious proteins/nonliving things; cause disease by misfolding proteins often characterized by alpha helical conversion to B pleated sheet
91
Viroids
pathogens with short, circular SS RNA to infect plants; bind to RNA sequences to silence genes few human viroids exist (HDV)

Biology (5 decks)

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