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MCAT biology > The Cell > Flashcards

The Cell Flashcards

(85 cards)

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1
Q

four tenets of cell theory

A

all living things are composed of cells
the cell is the basic functional unit of life
cells arise only from preexisting cells
cells carry genetic info in the form of DNA which is passed on from parent to daughter cell

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2
Q

eukaryotic cells

A

contain a true nucleus enclosed in a membrane and can be unicellular or multicellular

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3
Q

prokaryotic cells

A

do not contain a nucleus and are always single-celled

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4
Q

cytosol

A

allows for diffusion of molecules throughout the cell

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5
Q

nuclear membrane

A

a double membrane that maintains a nuclear environment separate and distinct from the cytoplasm

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6
Q

nuclear pores

A

allow selective two-way exchange of material between the cytoplasm and the nucleus

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7
Q

nucleolus

A

where the ribosomal RNA is synthesized

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8
Q

outer membrane of mitochondria

A

barrier between the cytosol and the inner environment of the mitochondrion

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9
Q

cristae

A

infoldings in the inner membrane of the mitochondria which contain the molecules and enzymes of the elctron transport chain

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10
Q

cytoplasmic/extranuclear inheritance

A

the transmission of gentic material independent of the nucleus

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11
Q

apoptosis

A

programmed cell death

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12
Q

lysosomes

A

membrane-bound structures containing hydrolytic enzymes that are capable of breaking down many different substrates

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13
Q

endosomes

A

transport, package and sort cell material travelling to and from the membrane

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14
Q

rough ER

A

studded with ribosomes which permit the translation of proteins

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15
Q

smooth ER

A

lacks ribosomes is is utilized primarily for lipid synthesis and detoxification of certain drugs and poisions

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16
Q

peroxisomes

A

contain hydrogen peroxide

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17
Q

three components of the cytoskeleton

A

microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments

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18
Q

microfilaments are made of

A

actin

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19
Q

microfilaments play a role in

A

cytokinesis and they form the cleavage furrow

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20
Q

microtubules

A

hollow polymers of tubulin proteins that provide pathway for motor proteins

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21
Q

cilia

A

projections involved in movement of materials along the surface of the cell

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22
Q

flagella

A

structures involved in the movement of the cell itself

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23
Q

cilia and flagella have what kind of structure

A

9 +2

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24
Q

centrioles

A

organzing centers for microtubules

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25
kinetochores
how the microtubules from the centrioles attach to the chromosomes they pull the sister chromatids apart
26
intermediate filaments
involved in cell-cell adhesion/maintenance of the overal integrity of the cytoskeleton
27
four tissue types
epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous
28
epithelial tissues
cover the body and line its cavities | means for protection against pathogen invasion and desiccation
29
classifications of epithelial cells
cuboidal, columnar, or squamous
30
epithelial cells constitute which part of the organ
the parenchyma aka functional parts think acid-producing cells in the stomach
31
connective tissue are main contributors to
the stroma aka support structure think bone, cartilage, tendons
32
connective tissue secrete materials
like collagen and elastin that form the extracellular matrix
33
two domains that contain prokaryotes
archaea and bacteria
34
nucleiod region
where the single circular dna of the prokaryote is
35
archaea
extremophiles
36
similarity with archaea and eukaryotes
both start translation with methionine, contain similar RNA polymerases, and associate their dna with histones
37
similarity with archaea and prokaryotes
single circular chromosome, divide by binary fission, share similar structure to bacteria
38
bacteria all contain
a cell membrane, cytoplasm, and have a flagella or fimbriae
39
antibiotics may target
the bacterial ribosome which is smaller than the eukaryotic ribosome
40
bacteria and host relationship can be
mutualistic symbiotic or pathogen
41
cocci
circular bacteria
42
bacilli
rod-shaped bacteria
43
spirilli
spiral-shaped bacteria
44
obligate aerobes
bacteria that require oxygen
45
obligate anaerobes
bacteria that would die in an oxygen environment
46
aerotolerant anaerobes
unable to use oxygen but are not harmed by it
47
facultative anaerobes
can use either oxygen or anaerobic metabolism
48
envelope
cell wall and cell membrane
49
gram positive cell wall contains
peptidoglycan and lipoteichoic acid
50
gram negative cell wall contains
peptiodlycan, periplasmic space, outer membranes, and lipopolysaccharides
51
an immune response in humans is triggered by
lipopolysaccharides
52
chemotaxis
the ability of a cell to detect chemical stimuli and move toward/away from it
53
flagella are composed of
filament, basal body, and hook
54
filament
helical structure composed of flagellin
55
basal body
anchors flagellum to cytoplasmic membrane is is the motor of the flagellum as it rotates
56
hook
connects filament and basal body
57
plasmids
circular structures that contain dna not necessary for survival but may offer an advantage
58
binary fission
prokaryotic asexual reproduction the chromosome attaches to the cell wall, replicates, the cell grows in size, eventually it gets really big and the cell wall grows in and splits off in to two
59
virulence factors
carried by plasmids they increase pathogenicity
60
episomes
a subset of plasmids that are capable of integrating into the genome of the bacterium
61
types of bacterial genetic recombination
transformation, conjugation, transduction
62
transformation
integration of foreign genetic material into the host genome
63
conjugation
bacterial form of mating
64
transduction
requires a vector
65
bacteriophage
viruses that infect bacteria
66
viruses are
obligate intracellular pathogens
67
four phases of the bacterial growth curve
lag phase exponential phase stationary phase death phase
68
lag phase
bacteria adapt to new local conditions
69
exponential phase/log phase
bacteria adapt and the rate of division increases
70
stationary phase
reduction of sources slows reproduction
71
death phase
bacteria have exceeded the ability of the enviornment to support them
72
capsid
protein coat
73
are enveloped viruses easier to kill
yes
74
virions
viral progeny which can go and infect additional cells
75
tail sheath
syringe
76
tail fibers
help the bacteriophage to recognize and connect to the correct host cell
77
positive sense rna virus
the genome may be directly translated to functional proteins by the ribosomes of the host cell
78
negative sense
rna strand acts as a template for synthesis of a complementary strand must carry an rna replicase to ensure that the complementary strand is synthesized
79
retroviruses
enveloped, single-stranded rna carry reverse transcriptase synthesized dna from single stranded rna dna integrates into the host cell genome where it is replecated and transcribed as if it were the host cell's dna
80
viral life cycle
infection translation and progeny assembly progeny release lytic and lysogenic cycles
81
virulent
viruses in the lytic phase
82
lytic cycle
the bacteriophage maximizes use of the host cell until it is swollen with new virions and bursts
83
provirus or prophage
virus integrates into the host genome and inters the lysogenic cycle
84
prion
infectious proteins that usually convert a protein from an alpha helical structure to a beta pleated sheet
85
viroids
small pathogens of single-stranded circular rna that infect plants

MCAT biology (1 decks)

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