the cell

Question 1

Endomembrane system

Answer 1

Nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes , vesicles

Question 2

Nucleus

Answer 2

contain DNA in the form of Chromatin

Question 3

Chromatin

Answer 3

DNA In nucleus

Question 4

Nucleolus

Answer 4

Builds the ribosomal subunits, uses

rRNA

Question 5

pore complex

Answer 5

pass

molecules RNA, proteins, ribosomal

Question 6

Nuclear membrane

Answer 6

Double membrane called nuclear envelope

Question 7

Nuclear lamina

Answer 7

protein filaments that maintain shape

Question 8

Ribososmes

Answer 8

Makes proteins
they are solid
Free (cytoplasm) and bound
(ER)

Question 9

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Answer 9

Folded membrane – creates a cavity separated from the cytoplasm – rough and smooth

Question 10

Rough ER Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 10

Makes proteins for export
Makes glycoproteins – they’re put together
here
Stored in RER cavity until exported
Source of new membrane for cell,
makes pieces and exports

Question 11

Smooth ER

Answer 11

no ribosomes

Makes, stores and exports lipids, detoxifies poisons and drugs, stores carbohydrates – glycogen

Question 12

Golgi Complex

Answer 12

Modification, storage, shipping of products
• Also manufactures some polysaccharides in plant walls
Molecules carried from one cisterna to
next by vesicles
• Add signals to vesicle product to direct
where to go

Question 13

cisterna

Answer 13

Sacs of Golgi Complex

Question 14

cis

Answer 14

Golgi Complex Receiving = cis = next to ER

Question 15

trans

Answer 15

Golgi Complex Shipping = trans = next to cell membrane

Question 16

Vesicles

Answer 16

emporary, for movement within cell • Endocytosis and exocytosis

Question 17

Vacuole

Answer 17

For storage

Question 18

Lysosome

Answer 18

Digestive compartments
Sac with hydrolytic enzymes used to digest
• The enzymes work best at pH 5 – pumps H+ in to
lower pH
• If lysosome breaks - enzymes not very strong
since pH in cell = 7
• Made by ER and Golgi

Question 19

Autophagy

Answer 19

lysosome engulfs broken organelle from cell

Question 20

Macrophages

Answer 20

Animals have a special type of lysosome that destroys invaders
• Part of our immune system

Question 21

Programmed destruction

Answer 21

Lysosomes are also used for making developmental changes

Question 22

Autotrophs

Answer 22

can make their own energy from

inorganic sources

Question 23

Heterotrophs

Answer 23

need to digest other

organisms

Question 24

photoautotroph

Answer 24

light co2 plants

Question 25

chemoheterotroph

Answer 25

organic compounds humans

Question 26

Mitochondria

Answer 26

``` # Depends on need (muscle has many, fat has few) • Site of cellular respiration • Needs O2 • Enclosed by two membranes – Smooth outer and a folded ```

Question 27

ATP

Answer 27

Adenosine Triphosphate Energy gained by adding and removing phosphate

Question 28

Chemical Equation for Cell Respiration

Answer 28

C6 H12 O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O

Question 29

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Answer 29

Requires chloroplasts, light, water and CO2

Question 30

chloroplasts

Answer 30

Stroma, granum, thylakoid, inner membrane, outer membrane

Question 31

Photosynthesis Equation

Answer 31

6CO2 + 6H2O ------> C6H12O6 + 6O2

Question 32

endosymbiosis

Answer 32

endosymbiosis refers to the original internalization of prokaryotes by an ancestral eukaryotic cell, resulting in the formation of the mitochondria and chloroplasts.

Question 33

Extracellular Matrix (ECM)

Answer 33

``` Support • Adhesion (sticking cells together) • Movement • Recognition and regulation • Contains glycoproteins on outer surface of cell ```

Question 34

Extracellular Matrix (ECM)

Answer 34

Mainly composed of glycoproteins and other carbohydrate-containing “fibrous “molecules in a network. • elastin • collagen

Question 35

fibronectin

Answer 35

Cells are attached to the ECM by special ECM glygoproteins

Question 36

microfilaments

Answer 36

Within the cytoplasm, integrins are bound to microfilaments.

Question 37

Integrins

Answer 37

proteins built into the plasma membrane.inapositiontotransmitsignals between the ECM and the cytoskeleton and thus integrate changes occurring outside and inside the cell.

Question 38

Cytoskeleton

Answer 38

Microtubules Microfilaments 3) Intermediate Filaments

Question 39

Microtubules

Answer 39

Made of α and β tubulin and covered by plasma membrane, cyclindrical structures

Question 40

Microtubules

Answer 40

Cilia structure and flagella

Question 41

Flagella

Answer 41

sperm Microtubules

Question 42

Microfilaments

Answer 42

Actin and Myosin filaments

Question 43

Intermediate Filaments

Answer 43

``` ension bearing • Some made of keratin, each type slightly different • Fixing position of organelles • Reinforce cell shape • Protection – hair, nails and feathers ```

Question 44

Cell-to-Cell Attachment

Answer 44

Cells are attached together by two proteins, | cadherins or integrins

Question 45

Cell Junctions:

Answer 45

Tight Junctions: Desmosomes Gap Junction

Question 46

Tight Junctions:

Answer 46

As if the cells are sewn tightly together. Any transport must be through a special molecule. Also prevent extra cellular fluid from circulating between cells

Question 47

Desmosomes

Answer 47

“button like “ rivets that attach the two plasma membranes together with intermediate filaments. Very strong – used to attach your muscle fibers together to make the muscle.

Question 48

Gap Junction

Answer 48

Permits materials to transfer directly from one cell to another (in plants they have Plasmodesmata) – used for communication

Question 49

Prokaryotic

Answer 49

``` In Domains Bacteria and Archaea  Small  Bacteria contain a single chromosome composed of double stranded DNA – survival genes  Cell wall ```

Question 50

Prokaryotic Genetics:

Answer 50

DNA not enclosed only thrown in corner called nucleoid region

Question 51

nucleoid region

Answer 51

DNA in prokaryotic cells

Question 52

Eukarytoic

Answer 52

Domain Eukarya  Big, Round/Squarish  Nucleus  Some Eukaryotes do not have cell walls

Question 53

Phospholipids

Answer 53

When dumped into water they form micelles Amphipathic Fig 7.2 Can form a bilayer Phospholipids can move slightly Fig

Question 54

Amphipathic

Answer 54

hydrophobic and hydrophilic

Question 55

Fluid Mosaic Model:

Answer 55

``` proposed by Singer and Nicholson Membrane is a fluid structure  Proteins embedded in it or on it  Phospholipids  Generalized picture - membranes of different cells have different structure  Membrane is built by the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)  Proteins in membrane have hydrophobic regions ```

Question 56

Cholesterol

Answer 56

Helps the membrane resist changes in fluidity  Keeps phospholipids in place  Prevents the close packing of the phospholipids

Question 57

Integral proteins

Answer 57

Pass into non-polar region of phospholipid layer Placement maintained by polar vs non-polar section and by cytoskeleton Some proteins can allow specific polar molecules to pass through membrane

Question 58

Functions of proteins in the Cell Membrane

Answer 58

``` Transport Enzymes Receptor binding sites Cell to cell recognition Cell-to-cell anchors/attachment Cytoskeleton Anchors ```

Question 59

Transport Across the Membrane

Answer 59

``` Passive: Free – no cost simple diffusion – no protein facilitated diffusion – needs a protein Active: Cost energy Needs a protein ```

Question 60

Osmosis

Answer 60

HIGH H2O CONC.  LOW H2O CONC.

Question 61

Hypertonic

Answer 61

more [ ]

Question 62

Hypotonic

Answer 62

less[ ]

Question 63

Isotonic

Answer 63

=[ ]

Question 64

Plasmolyzed

Answer 64

cell becomes shrunken

Question 65

Lysed

Answer 65

Cell explodes or is broken open

Question 66

Turgid

Answer 66

hypotonic/ normal plant cell