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STUUUUDY > the cell and functions of the cell :) > Flashcards

the cell and functions of the cell :) Flashcards

exam prep for april

1
Q

What does the term ‘MRS GERM’ mean in terms of the cell and explain what each letter stands for?

A

Mrs germ is a way we remember the characteristics of life.
Movement
respiration
sensitivity and adaptation
Growth
excretion
reproduction
metabolism

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2
Q

What is a cell?

A

it is the most basic structural and functional unit of an organism.

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3
Q

What is the study of the cell called?

A

cytology

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4
Q

What is an organelle?

A

An organelle is a small organ that carries out specific function within the cell

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5
Q

Where is the organelle found?

A

its found in the cytoplasm

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6
Q

What is cytoplasm?

A

a jelly like substance that provides a medium for chemical reactions to take place

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7
Q

Function of the cytoplasm?

A

Holds the organelles but also maintains pressure within the cell

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8
Q

What is DNA?

A

deoxyribonucleic acid is a molecule that contains genetically unique information

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9
Q

How many chromosomes do humans have?

A

46 per cell (23 egg + 23 sperm)

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10
Q

What is the cell membrane?

A

The cell membrane acts as a barrier for the cell from the external environment .

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11
Q

what is the function of the cell membrane?

A

it is for protection of the cell. It is semi-permeable, meaning it allows some substances to enter the cell but not all.

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12
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

This is the brain of the cell that contains DNA (genes)bound together by the neculear membrane.

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13
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

strores DNA which aids in reproduction, growth and repair

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14
Q

What is the nuclear membrane?

A

the nuclear membrane surrounds the nucleus. It seperates the contents of the nucleus from the cytoplasm

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15
Q

What is the function of the nuclear membrane?

A

protecting the DNA from chemical reactions within the cell

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16
Q

What is the mitochondria?

A

The mitochondria is the organelle responsible for cellular respiration. This is the energy source of the cell,.

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17
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

It converts food into energy usable for the body (known as ATP).

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18
Q

NICKNAME OF THE PARTS:
Nickname for: cell membrane?
Nickname for: nucleus?
Nickname for:mitocondria?

A

cell membrane: security guard
nucleus: control centre of the cell
mitochondria: powerhouse of the cell

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19
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis in the cell. The

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20
Q

Where are ribosomes found?

A

floating in the cytoplasm

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21
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

The protein it produces is needed for hormone production, enzyme production etc

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22
Q

What is ER?

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

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23
Q

List the types of ER?

A

Two:
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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24
Q

What is the functions of ER?

A

ER acts as transport systems in the cell for the newly synthesised proteins and lipids

25
where is ER found?
close to the nucleus
26
explain the difference between smooth ER and rough ER?
ROUGH ER: ribosomes attached to it - transports proteins SMOOTH ER: No ribosomes attached - synthesises and transports lipids and steroids
27
What is the golgi body?
an organelle that is made up of stacked flattened sacs of cytoplasm
28
What is the function of the golgi body?
Packages and modifies proteins for use (inside and outside of the cell). ->Packages the protein from the rough ER into membrane-bound vesicles.
29
NICKNAMES OF THE PARTS: Nickname for: mitochondria? Nickname for: ER? Nickname for: golgi body?
Mitochondria: powerhouse of the cell ER: transport system of the cell Gogli body: post office of the cell
30
What is lysosome?
Lysosome contains digestive enzymes which help digest material taken in from the cell such as bacteria.
31
What is the function of the lysosome?
Digests unwanted waste materials in the cytoplasm.
32
What is the nucleolus?
In the nucleolus is found inside the nucleus which contains tightly packed DNA.
33
What is the function of the nucleolus?
its function is to make semi completed ribosomes.
34
List the function of the following parts: Vacuole? Cilia? Flagella?
Vacuole: Storage site for water and waste Cilia: hair like fibres that sweep fluids and particles like mucus and dust to prevent it getting into the body Flagella: Tail like structure, only found on a sperm cell
35
Name four type of cells in the body?
-> Nerve cell -> Sperm cell -> red blood cells -> white blood cells
36
Name the main two groups that cells fall into?
somatic (body cells ie skin cells etc) + gametes (sex cells ie sperm and egg)
37
What is homeostasis?
The maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment, even in situations where the external environment is changing = is called homeostasis.
38
What part of the body is in charge of homeostasis?
the hypothalamus
39
What is thermoregulation?
Thermoregulation refers to how the body maintains its internal temperature
40
What is osmoregulation?
The process by which an organism regulates the water balance in its body and maintains the homeostasis of the body
41
What is metabolism?
metabolism is the total of all the chemical reactions that take place in the cell.
42
What are the types of metabolism?
Anabolism and catabolism
43
Explain what is meant by Anabolism?
The building up of simple molecules into more complex ones. Requires energy. E.g building new cells, tissues. Growth and repair. Protein synthesis​
44
Explain what is meant by catabolism?
The breaking down of complex molecules into more simpler ones. Produces energy. E.g Respiration, digestion of food. ​
45
What is cellular respiration?
Cellular Respiration is the controlled release of energy from food in the presence of oxygen.​
46
What is the chemical formula for the release of energy during cellular respiration?
C6H1206 + 6O2 -------> 6CO2 +6H2O (glucose = oxygen ---> carbon dioxide and water.
47
Molecules pass into cells through various methods: name them?
1. active transport 2. osmosis 3. Diffusion
48
differentiate between active and passive transport?
Active transport requires energy and passive transport does not.
49
What is diffusion?
Diffusion is the movement of particles from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration (i.e. down a concentration gradient); ​
50
What is osmosis?
Movement of water molecules from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration through a partially permeable membrane, such as the cell membrane.​
51
What is active transport?
Movement of molecules across a cell membrane from a region of their lower concentration to a region of their higher concentration (against the gradient)​
52
Give one example of each: osmosis: active transport: diffusion:
osmosis: kidney dialysis active transport: movement of proteins diffusion: perfume in a room
53
What are two ways cells can divide?
meiosis and mitosis
54
What is meiosis?
Meiosis is a type of cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes in the parent cell by half and produces four gamete cells. ​
55
What is mitosis?
Mitosis is the continuous process of making new cells for growth and repair and in order for life to continue when old cells die
56
Differentiate between mitosis and meiosis in terms of: function?
Mitosis: growth and repair of cells Meiosis: production of gametes such as sperm and eggs
57
Differentiate between mitosis and meiosis in terms of:DNA
Mitosis: Genetically identical Meiosis: Half DNA, not identical
58
Differentiate between mitosis and meiosis in terms of: set of chromosomes?
Mitosis: diploid (two sets) Meiosis: haploid (one set)
59
Which is Asexual: mitosis or meiosis?
mitosis

STUUUUDY (4 decks)

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