The Cell As A Unit Of Health & Disease

Question 1

Pathology is the …. of ….

Answer 1

Study (logos) of Suffering(pathos)

Question 2

Pathology bridges…. and ….

Answer 2

Clinical practice and Basic science

Question 3

What does pathology involve?

Answer 3

It involves the investigation of the causes (aetiology) of disease as well as the underlying mechanism (pathogenesis) that result in the presenting sings and symptoms of the patient

Question 4

General pathology it focuses on the particular response of specialised organs to pathologic stimuli True/False?

Answer 4

False .The correct is

It focuses on fundamental cellular and tissue response to pathologic stimuli

Question 5

Cellular disturbances arise from alternations in molecule (gene ,protein and others) True/False?

Answer 5

True

Question 6

The…. contains about …. of DNA …. .Yet, within the genome there are only roughly …. protein-encoding ….,comprising just 1.5% of the genome.

Answer 6

Human genome, 3.2billion , base pairs ,20,000 ,genes

Question 7

More than 80% of human genome is ultimately transcribed ,with almost 85% being devoted to the regulation of gene expression True/False?

Answer 7

False .The correct is
More than 85% …
With almost 80% …

Question 8

Many polymorphisms associated with disease are located in protein-coding regions of the genome True/False?

Answer 8

False .The correct is

Are located in non-protein coding regions

Question 9

Explain the consistency and discrepancy of DNA between the two humans!

Answer 9

Any two humans are typically >99.5% DNA identical.
Thus ,individual variation ,including differential susceptibility to disease and environmental exposures is encoded in <0.5% of DNA (importantly ,this still represent about 15 million base pairs).

Question 10

What are the advantages of compartmentalised of housekeeping functions ?

Answer 10

1) Isolating certain cellular function within distinct compartment ,potentially injurious degradative enzymes or reactive metabolised can be concentrated or stored at high concentrations in specific organelles without risking damage to other cellular constituents
2) Moreover ,compartmentalised allows for the unique intercellular environment (e.g.,low ph or high calcium) that are optimal for certain enzymes or metabolic pathways

Question 11

What are the function of Cytoskeleton ?

Answer 11

1) Help cell to adopt a particular shape
2) Maintain polarity
3) Organisation of intercellular organelle
4) Move about depends on the intercellular scaffolding of protein called cytoskeleton

Question 12

Numerate the major classes of cytoskeletal protein!

Answer 12

1) Actin microfilaments
2) Intermediate filaments
3) Microtubules

Question 13

Numerate mitochondrial functions!

Answer 13

1) Energy production (from carbohydrates and fatty acids)in the form of ATP.
2) Participate in driving cell death when the cells are exposed to noxious stimuli that cell can’t adopt to.
3) Play an important role in intermediary metabolism
4) Serving as the source of molecules used to synthesise lipids and protein

Question 14

Explain the Extracellular signals !

Answer 14

At the most basic level ,extracellular signals determine whether a cell lives or dies ,whether it remains in quiescent , or whether it is stimulated to perform a specific function

Question 15

Numerate the advantages of intercellular signalling !

Answer 15

1) It is important in the developing embryo
2) In maintaining tissue organisation
3) In ensuring that tissues respond in an adaptive and effective fashion to various threats ,such as local tissue trauma or a systemic infection

Question 16

A major role of growth factor is to stimulate the activity of fatty acids that are required for cell survival ,growth and death True/False?

Answer 16

False .The correct is
Stimulate the activity of proteins
Growth and division

Question 17

How growth factors and receptors influencing the expression of genes ?

Answer 17

1)promote entry of cell into cell cycle
2)relives blocks on cell cycle progression thus promoting replication
3)prevent apoptosis
4)enhance biosynthesis of cellular component (nucleic acids, proteins ,lipid and carbohydrates)
required for a mother cell to give raise to two daughter cells