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Biol AOS1 > The cell cycle and cell growth, death and differentiation > Flashcards

The cell cycle and cell growth, death and differentiation Flashcards

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1
Q

What are adult stem cells?

A

Undifferentiated cells obtained from various sources and capable of differentiating into related cell types; also known as somatic stem cells.

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2
Q

What occurs during anaphase?

A

The stage of mitosis during which sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles of the spindle fibre within a cell.

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3
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

The programmed death of cells that occurs as a normal and controlled part of an organism’s growth or development.

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4
Q

What is an apoptosome?

A

A large protein formed during apoptosis; its formation triggers a series of events that leads to apoptosis.

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5
Q

What is an apoptotic body?

A

A vesicle containing parts of a dying cell.

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6
Q

What is asexual reproduction?

A

Reproduction that only requires one parent, leading to the production of a clone.

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7
Q

What is binary fission?

A

The process of cell multiplication in bacteria and other unicellular organisms in which there is no formation of spindle fibres and no chromosomal condensation.

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8
Q

What are blebs?

A

Bulges of the cell membrane created as the cytoskeleton of the cell breaks down; these break off to form apoptotic bodies.

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9
Q

What is cancer?

A

A disease in which cells divide in an uncontrolled manner, forming an abnormal mass of cells called a tumour.

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10
Q

What are caspases?

A

Protease enzymes that break down proteins during apoptosis.

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11
Q

What is a caspase cascade?

A

A group of proteins that are sequentially activated to bring about apoptosis.

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12
Q

What are cell-based therapies?

A

The use of stem cells in the treatment of human disorders or conditions to repair the mechanisms of disease initiation or progression.

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13
Q

What is the cell cycle?

A

The series of events of cell growth and reproduction that results in two daughter cells.

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14
Q

What is cell division?

A

The division of a cell into two genetically identical daughter cells.

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15
Q

What is cell elongation?

A

Any permanent increase in size of a cell.

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16
Q

What are centrioles?

A

A pair of small cylindrical organelles, used in spindle development in animal cells during cell division.

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17
Q

What is a centromere?

A

The position where the chromatids are held together in a chromosome.

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18
Q

What is a chromatid?

A

One of two identical threads in a replicated DNA molecule.

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19
Q

What is chromatin?

A

A mass of genetic material composed of DNA and proteins that condense to form chromosomes during eukaryotic cell division.

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20
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

A thread-like structure composed of DNA and protein.

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21
Q

What is cytochrome c?

A

A protein that has a role in the formation of ATP in mitochondria; its leakage from the mitochondria leads to apoptosis.

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22
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

The division of the cytoplasm occurring after mitosis.

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23
Q

What are death receptors?

A

Receptors on the surface of the cell that, when activated, lead to apoptosis of the cell.

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24
Q

What is the dermis?

A

The underlying part of the skin.

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25
What is differentiation?
The process by which cells, tissues and organs acquire specialised features.
26
What is ectoderm?
The most external primary germ or cell layer that differentiates into epithelial tissue, which covers the outer surfaces of the body.
27
What is an embryo?
The early stage of a developing organism; in humans this includes the first eight weeks of development.
28
What is an embryonic stem cell (ESC)?
An undifferentiated cell obtained from early embryonic tissue that is capable of differentiating into many cell types.
29
What is endoderm?
The innermost primary germ layer that differentiates into digestive lining and organs like the lungs.
30
What is the epidermis?
The outer layer of cells; in human skin it consists of three layers (outer region of dead cells, layers of living keratinocytes, and a basal layer of melanocytes and constantly dividing stem cells).
31
What is an ethical issue?
A problem or situation that requires a person or organisation to choose between alternatives that must be evaluated as right (ethical) or wrong (unethical).
32
What is exponential growth?
Population growth that follows a J-shaped curve but cannot continue indefinitely.
33
What does extrinsic mean?
Coming from outside.
34
What is the G1 checkpoint?
A check that occurs during G1 of interphase that makes sure the DNA is not damaged and is ready to undergo replication.
35
What is the G1 stage of interphase?
The first stage of interphase in the cell cycle where the cell grows, increasing the amount of cell cytosol.
36
What is the G2 checkpoint?
A check that occurs during G2 of interphase where the replicated DNA of the cell is checked for completeness and lack of damage; if the cell passes this checkpoint, it can then advance to mitosis.
37
What is the G2 stage of interphase?
The third stage of interphase where proteins are synthesised and the cell continues to grow in preparation for division.
38
What is growth?
The process of increasing in size.
39
What is an induced pluripotent stem cell (IPSC)?
A stem cell that has been genetically reprogrammed to return to an undifferentiated embryonic state.
40
What is interphase?
A stage in the cell cycle that is a period of cell growth and DNA synthesis.
41
What does intrinsic mean?
Coming from inside.
42
What is a kinetochore?
A special attachment site of a chromatid by which it links to a spindle fibre.
43
What is a ligand?
A substance that forms a complex with a biomolecule to serve a biological purpose, such as the production of a signal upon binding to a signal.
44
What is the M checkpoint?
A check that occurs during mitosis where the connection between chromatid and spindle fibres is checked and corrected.
45
What is melanoma?
Cancer derived from the pigment-producing cells (melanocytes).
46
What is meristematic tissue?
Plant tissue found in tips of roots and shoots that is made of unspecialised cells that can reproduce by mitosis.
47
What is mesoderm?
The middle primary germ layer that differentiates into various tissues and organs, including the heart.
48
What occurs during metaphase?
The stage of mitosis during which chromosomes align around the equator of a cell.
49
What is metastasis?
A process where malignant tumours spread throughout the body.
50
What does migrate mean?
To move from one part of something to another.
51
What is mitosis?
The process involved in the production of new cells genetically identical with the original cell; an essential process in asexual reproduction.
52
What does multipotent mean?
A cell that can differentiate into a number of closely related cell types.
53
What does oligopotent mean?
A cell that has the ability to differentiate into a few different cell types.
54
What is an oncogene?
A gene that signals cells to continue dividing.
55
What is p53?
A protein that is coded for by a gene of the same name and regulates the cell cycle, hence functioning as a tumour suppressor.
56
What is a parthenote?
A potential source of embryonic stem cells, derived from unfertilised human eggs that are artificially stimulated to begin development.
57
What does pluripotent mean?
A cell that can differentiate into many different cell types.
58
What is procreation?
The production of offspring.
59
What occurs during prophase?
The stage of mitosis in which the chromosomes contract and become visible, the nuclear membrane begins to disintegrate and the spindle forms.
60
What is a proto-oncogene?
A gene that leads to the production of proteins which initiate the cell cycle.
61
What is regenerative medicine?
An experimental field of research involving stem cells in medicine that raises promise for the treatment of degenerative conditions and severe trauma injuries.
62
What does repair mean?
To restore something damaged or faulty to a good condition.
63
What is replication?
Copying or reproducing something.
64
What is the S stage of interphase?
The stage where the parent cell replicates its DNA; at the end of the S stage the parent cell contains two identical copies of its original DNA.
65
What is a septum?
A wall, dividing a cavity or structure into smaller ones.
66
What are somatic stem cells?
Undifferentiated cells obtained from various sources and capable of differentiating into related cell types; also known as adult stem cells.
67
What is specialisation?
The adaptation of something for a specific function.
68
What is a spindle?
Fine protein fibres that form between the poles of a cell during mitosis and to which chromosomes become attached.
69
What are spindle fibres?
Clusters of microtubules, composed of the contractile protein actin, that grow out from the centrioles at opposite ends of a spindle.
70
What occurs during telophase?
The stage of mitosis in which new nuclear membranes form around the separated groups of chromosomes.
71
What is therapeutic cloning?
Cloning carried out to create an embryo from which stem cells can be harvested.
72
What does totipotent mean?
A cell that is able to give rise to all different cell types.
73
What is a tumour-suppressor gene?
A type of gene that produces a protein that signals for cells to stop dividing.
74
What does unipotent mean?
A cell that has the ability to produce only cells of their own type.

Biol AOS1 (3 decks)

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