The Cell - Cytoplasm

Question 1

The outermost boundary of the cell and regulates passage of molecules in and out of the cell

Answer 1

cell membrane

Question 2

The largest organelle

Answer 2

nucleus

Question 3

Circular structure inside the nucleus

Answer 3

nucleolus

Question 4

Solid portion of cytoplasm composition

Answer 4

Organelles

Question 4

Cell basic parts

Answer 4

Cell Membrane
Nucleus
Cytoplasm

Question 5

Inclusion bodies found in cytoplasm

Answer 5

Lipofuscin
Glycogen
Hemosiderin
Lipids
Melanin

Question 5

Liquid portion of cytoplasm composition

Answer 5

Cytosol

Question 6

As organelles are destroyed, accumulates waste products in lysosomes

Answer 6

lipofuscin

Question 6

Storage form of glucose
Can be stored in skeletal muscles, liver, fat storing cells
Not stained with H&E

Answer 6

Glycogen

Question 7

Signet ring appearance

Answer 7

Lipids

Question 7

Yellowish brown iron containing granular pigment that is found within cells
Indigestible residue of hemoglobin due to hemoglobin degradation
Can be normally found in the red pulp of the spleen

Answer 7

Hemosiderin

Question 8

Is found on the basal layer of the epidermis
as brown pigments

Answer 8

Melanin

Question 8

the major most abundant component

Answer 8

Phospholipids

Question 8

What keeps the membrane in place?

Answer 8

Cholesterol

Question 9

is inversely proportional to the fluidity of
the membrane (cholesterol)

Answer 9

Temperature

Question 9

The hydrophobic portion of cholesterol
Inserted among closely packed phospholipids restricting movements and thus modulating fluidity and movement of membrane components

Answer 9

Perhydrocytopentanophenanthrene ring

Question 10

Localized region within the plasma membrane that contains high levels of cholesterol and variety of peripheral and integral proteins

Microdomains that control the movement and distribution of proteins within the lipid bilayer

Answer 10

Lipid raft

Question 11

Channels carriers transporters

Requires membrane disruption for extraction

Answer 11

Integral Proteins

Question 12

▪ Loose association with one of the membranes
▪ responsible for the shape of the cell and transport of the substances within the cell
▪ Tendency to pull each other and move the membrane along with them

Answer 12

Peripheral Protein

Question 13

Generally found outside the cell membrane
→ May act as receptors that participate in cell adhesion
and cell to cell interaction

Answer 13

Carbohydrates

Question 14

Higher to lower concentration
→ Pass through; simple passive: no need of anything

Answer 14

Passive Transport

Question 15

If movement is from higher to lower but has to
change shape = CARRIER
▪ If no change in shape as the molecule attaches =
Channel
Higher to lower with transporter
No energy consumption

Answer 15

Facilitated Passive Transport

Question 16

Requires energy consumption
→ Pumps transport transport molecules from lower to higher concentration

Answer 16

Active Transport

Question 17

Role of integral membrane proteins

Answer 17

→ As pumps
→ As receptors recognize ligands or any substance outside the cell and mediate is effects
→ As structural proteins = provides attachment and support to neighboring cells
→ As enzymes
→ Endocytosis

Question 18

Cellular process in which substance are brought into the cell ▪ The material to be internalized is surrounded by an area of cell membrane which then buds of inside the cell to form a vesicles containing the ingested material

Answer 18

Endocytosis

Question 19

Facilitates vesicle formation in receptor mediated endocytosis

Answer 19

Clathrin and adaptin

Question 20

Fluid phase of endocytosis cell drinking Fluid materials from ECF is enclosed in a vesicle

Answer 20

Pinocytosis

Question 21

Material is transferred across the cell but is not metabolized

Answer 21

Transcytosis

Question 21

Involves binding of ligand/target molecule to the receptors which will cause widely dispersed receptors to aggregate which results to the take up of the ligand

Answer 21

Receptor Mediated Endocytosis

Question 21

Protein that will totally separate the vesicle from the membrane

Answer 21

Dyamin

Question 21

Membrane bound organelles associated with the endocytic pathways → Sort out and recycle proteins internalized from the endocytic pathways.

Answer 21

Endosomes

Question 22

Early endosomes gets to decide the fate

Answer 22

Recycling Transcytosis

Question 23

Formation of the vesicle Is transported to late endosome

Answer 23

Early endosome

Question 23

Transports the endocytosed material to late endosome

Answer 23

Multivesicular body

Question 23

Late endosome will become

Answer 23

Lysosome

Question 23

Found deeper inside the cell will mature into lysosome

Answer 23

Late Endosome

Question 24

Organelles, cytoskeleton, and inclusions are suspended in an aqueous gel

Answer 24

Cytoplasmic matrix

Question 24

The basic structural and functional units of all multicellular organisms

Answer 24

Cell

Question 24

Prevents premature activation of lysosome

Answer 24

Lysosomal enzymes

Question 24

Classification of organelles

Answer 24

Membranoius organelles Nonmembranous organelles

Question 25

Spaces enclosed by the organelles' membranes constiture the ______

Answer 25

Intracellular microcompartments

Question 25

In nonmembranous organelles, the unique proteins usually self-assemble into polymers that form the structural elements of the ______

Answer 25

Cytoskeleton

Question 26

Cytoplasm contains _____ that are not usually surrounded by a plasma membrane

Answer 26

Inclusions

Question 26

A lipid bilayer that forms the cell boundary as well as the boundaries of many organelles within the cell

Answer 26

Plasma (cell) membrane

Question 27

Associated with ribosomes Site of protein synthesis and modification of newly synthesized proteins

Answer 27

Rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum (rER)

Question 27

Region involved in lipid and steroid synthesis but not associated with ribosomes

Answer 27

Smooth-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum (sER)

Question 28

Composed of multiple flattened cisternae responsible for modifying sorting and packaging proteins and lipids for intracellular or extracellular transport

Answer 28

Golgi apparatus

Question 29

Membrane-bounded compartments interposed within endocytotic pathways that have the major function of sorting proteins delivered to them via encytotic vesicles

Answer 29

Endosomes

Question 30

involved in both endocytosis and exocytosis and vaery in shape and the material that they transport

Answer 30

transport vesicles

Question 31

Small organelles containing digestive enzymes that are formed from endosomes by targeted delivery of unique lysosomal membrane proteins and lysosomal membrane proteins and lysosomal enzymes

Answer 31

Lysosomes

Question 32

Small organells involved in the production and degration of H2O2 and degration of fatty acids

Answer 32

Peroxisomes

Question 33

Together with actin and intermediate filaments forms elements of the cytoskeleton

Answer 33

Microtubules

Question 34

Also part of the cytoskeleton and can be classified into 2 groups

Answer 34

Filaments

Question 35

provide most of the energy to the cell by producing ATP in the process of oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 35

Mitochondria

Question 36

Short paired cylindrical structures found in the center of the microtubules-organizing center and whos derivatives gives rise to t basal bodies of cilia

Answer 36

Centrioles

Question 36

structures essential for protein synthesis

Answer 36

Ribosomes

Question 37

Protein complexes that enzymatically degrade damaged and unnecesary proteins into small polypeptides and amino acids

Answer 37

Proteasomes

Question 38

These surface molecules constitute a layer at the surface of the cell, referred to as the

Answer 38

cell coat or glycocalyx

Question 39

Th e current interpretation of the molecular organization of the plasma membrane is referred to as

Answer 39

modified fluid–mosaic model

Question 39

The membrane consists primarily of:

Answer 39

phospholipid, cholesterol, and protein

Question 40

contain a family of 47 kDa proteins known as flotillins in addition to a specific composition of lipids and cholesterol

Answer 40

Planar lipid rafts

Question 41

regarded as molecular markers of lipid rafts and are considered to be scaffolding proteins.

Answer 41

Flotillins

Question 41

represent small (50 to 100 nm in diameter), flask-shaped invaginations of plasma membrane enriched

Answer 41

Caveolar rafts, or caveolae

Question 42

The existence of protein within the substance of the plasma membrane (i.e., integral proteins) was confirmed by a technique called

Answer 42

Freeze fracture

Question 43

Flexible chain of actin molecules

Answer 43

Actin filaments

Question 43

Rope-like fibers formed from a variety of proteins

Answer 43

intermediate filaments

Question 44

serve to transport certain ions, such as Na, actively across membranes also transport metabolic precursors of macromolecules

Answer 44

Pumps

Question 45

Allows passage of small ions, molecules and water across the plasma membrane in either direction

Answer 45

Channels

Question 46

Formed by aligned channels in the membranes of adjacent cells permits passage of ions and small molecules involved in signaling pathways

Answer 46

Gap junctions

Question 46

allow recognition and localized binding of ligands (molecules that bind to the extracellular surface of the plasma membrane) in processes such as hormonal stimulation, coated-vesicle endocytosis, and antibody reactions.

Answer 46

Receptor proteins

Question 47

Anchor the intracellular cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix

Answer 47

Linker proteins

Question 48

have a variety of roles. ATPases have specific roles in ion pumping

Answer 48

Enzymes

Question 49

are visualized by the freeze fracture method, especially where they form junctions with neighboring cells.

Answer 49

Structural proteins

Question 50

often manifests as morphologic changes in the cell’s plasma membrane that result in the formation of plasma-membrane blebs

Answer 50

Cell injury