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12U Bio > The Cell Theory > Flashcards

The Cell Theory Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe Robert Hooke’s contributions with regards to cell theory

A

In 1665 he used the word “cell” to describe the honeycomb structures he observed while viewing a thin slice of cork

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2
Q

Describe Anton von Leeuenhoek’s contributions with regards to cell theory

A

In 1674 he looked at living blood cells, bacteria, and single-celled organisms in a drop of water

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3
Q

Describe Robert Brown’s contributions with regards to cell theory

A

In 1820 he discovered a dark tiny sphere in plants which he later called the nucleus

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4
Q

Describe Schwann and Schleiden’s contributions with regards to cell theory

A

Concluded that plant and animal tissues are made of units called cells

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5
Q

Describe Rudolph Virchow’s contributions with regards to cell theory

A

In 1858 he theorized that all cells come from preexisting cells due to Louis Pasteur’s work with microorganisms

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6
Q

Describe cell theory

A
  1. All living things are composed of one or more cells
  2. The cell is the smallest entity that retains the properties of life
  3. New cells arise only from cells that already exist
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7
Q

Describe the structure of the cell membrane

A

Made of a phospholipid bilayer, the outermost boundary of the cell

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8
Q

Describe the function of the cell membrane

A

Semi-permeable membrane, allows controlled movement of materials in and out of the cell. Contain receptor sites to identify the cell and function of the cell

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9
Q

Describe the structure of the protoplasm

A

The entire contents of the cell; nucleus, cytoplasm, and all organelles

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10
Q

Describe the structure of the nucleus

A

Dark tiny sphere found inside the cell surrounded by a nuclear membrane

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11
Q

Describe the function of the nucleus

A

Control centre of the cell, directs all of the cell’s activities, holds the genetic material DNA, nuclear membrane contains pores that lows for the movement of RNA and other chemicals to pass through the cytoplasm

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12
Q

Describe the structure of prokaryotic cells

A

Simple single-celled organisms such as bacteria and archaebacteria (less developed extremophiles, precursors to bacteria)

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13
Q

Describe the function of prokaryotic cells

A

Does not have a membrane-bound nucleus (not a true nucleus)

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14
Q

What type of cell does not contain a membrane-bound nucleus?

A

Prokaryotic

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15
Q

Describe the structure of eukaryotic cells

A

Part of larger, complex species. Kingdoms: animalia, protista, plantae, fundi

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16
Q

Describe the function of eukaryotic cells

A

Contains a membrane-bound nucleus, much larger than prokaryotic cells

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17
Q

Describe the structure of chromosomes

A

Found within the nucleus, in a compact shape during mitosis, in a stringy form called chromatin otherwise

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18
Q

Describe the function of chromosomes

A

Long, threadlike structures that contain the genetic information, made of DNA

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19
Q

Describe the structure of genes

A

Sections of chromosomes, lots of non-coding genes exist

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20
Q

Describe the function of genes

A

Contain two sets of genetic information that regulate the production of all proteins

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21
Q

Describe DNA

A

Made up of nucleotides (ribose, nitrogen base, phosphate)

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22
Q

Describe the function of DNA

A

Every nucleus is composed of DNA

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23
Q

Describe the structure of the nucleolus

A

Dark sphere found within the nucleus

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24
Q

Describe the function of the nucleolus

A

Makes RNA which is responsible for making ribosomes

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25
Describe the structure of the cytoplasm
Cell content outside of the nucleus, jello-like substance, composed of 70% water (same as the Earth)
26
Describe the function of the cytoplasm
Many of the cells chemical activities occur here, absorbed nutrients are transported and processed here, wastes are stored here until they are properly excreted
27
Describe the structure of the flagella and cilia
Found on the cell membrane and used for locomotion
28
Describe the function of flagella and cilia
Flagella are whiplike tails that move cells in a corkscrew motion (sperm cells). Cilia are tiny hairs that move in a coordinated fashion
29
Describe the structure of the mitochondria
Oval-shaped, reproduce by binary fission, contain their unique fluids and proteins, replicate themselves, double-membrane, endosymbiotic theory applies here, DNA is passed down the maternal line of mitochondria
30
Describe the function of the mitochondria
Power plant of the cell, cellular respiration occurs here to produce ATP, inner membrane contains folds called cristae which are the major site for cellular respiration, contain their own DNA and are self-replicating
31
Describe the endosymbiotic theory
Mitochondria were once a separate entity before the formation of a mutual symbiotic relationship with our cells. This explains why they replicate themselves through binary fission and contain their unique fluids and proteins
32
Describe the structure of the ribosomes
Tiny spheres found inside the cytoplasm or near the endosplasmic reticulum
33
Describe the function of ribosomes
Help to synthesize proteins, are the smallest organelles found in the cytoplasm
34
Describe the structure of the endoplasmic reticulum
Long, interconnected canals, smooth ER have no ribosomes attached to their membranes, rough ER contains ribosomes
35
Describe the function of the ribosomes
Highway of the cell, normally found close to the nucleus, used for transportation of other nutrients throughout the cell
36
Describe the structure of the Golgi apparatus
Flattened/layered sacs
37
Describe the function of the Golgi apparatus
Stores, modifies, and packages proteins from the rough ER, membranous sacs piled on top of each other, modified proteins are then pinched off from the Golgi into vesicles with then fuse with the cell membranes and excrete their contents in a process called exocytosis
38
Describe the structure of lysosomes
Membrane-bound vesicles formed by the Golgi
39
Describe the function of lysosomes
Contain enzymes that help digest materials in the cells, only found in animal cells, also used to destroy harmful substances that enter cells, and to destroy damaged or worn-out cells (Kamikazes)
40
Describe the structure of microfilaments and microtubules
Microfilamentss are long pipelike structures. Microtubules are tiny tubelike fibres
41
Describe the function of microfilaments and microtubules
Microfilaments are found in the cytoplasm and used to give the cell shape and movement. Microtubules help to transport materials throughout the cytoplasm. Cilia and flagella are composed of microtubules
42
Describe the structure of peroxisomes
Similar in structure to lysosomes (vesicles)
43
Describe the function of peroxisomes
Breaks down long fatty chains, detoxifies alcohol, found in the liver, kidney, and brain
44
What are the specialized structures of plants?
Plastids, chloroplasts, large central vacuole, chromoplasts, amyloplasts, cell wall
45
Describe the structure of plastids
Vesicles that contain food and colour pigments
46
Describe the function of plastids
Chemical factories and storehouses for the reproduction of sugars, starch, and some pigments
47
Describe the structure of chloroplasts
Green plastid, also adheres to endosymbiotic theory
48
Describe the function of chloroplasts
Contain the pigment chlorophyll and is the major site of photosynthesis, contains their own DNA and are self-replicating
49
Describe the structure of the large central vacuole
Huge vacuole that takes up most of the cell
50
Describe the function of the large central vacuole
Large fluid-filled compartment that stores sugars, minerals, proteins, and water, and maintain turgor pressure (support)
51
Describe the structure of chromoplasts
Yellow/orange plastid
52
Describe the function of chromoplasts
Store orange and yellow pigments found in flowers and fruits
53
Describe the structure of amyloplasts
Colourless plastid
54
Describe the function of amyloplasts
Storehouse for starch, many are found in seeds and potatoes
55
Describe the structure of the cell wall
Found outside of the cell membrane
56
Describe the function of the cell wall
Made of the polysaccharide cellulose, used to protest and support the plant, may have a primary or secondary cell wall
57
Fully label a complex animal cell diagram
58
Fully label a complex plant cell diagram
59
What makes up most of the cell membrane bilayer?
Phospholipid’s duality of hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties
60
Fully label a complex diagram of the cell membrane
61
Describe the function of cholesterol in the cell membrane bilayer
Embedded in the bilayer to help keep the membrane together when the cell is heated, and keeps the cell from becoming too rigid when in cold conditions

12U Bio (24 decks)

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