The Cells of Organ Tissues Flashcards
(76 cards)
1
Q
What are the intracellular components interactions that tissues, organs, & organ systems depend on?
A
nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, & organelles
2
Q
True or False: The functional interactions of these intracellular components is largely the same across cell types
A
True
3
Q
Organelles
A
mitochondria, peroxisomes, lysosomes
4
Q
Extracellular Proteins
A
transport (B-globin),
morphogens (sonic hedgehog), protein inhibition (a1- antitrypsin, emphysema, liver disease),
hemostasis
hormones (insulin)
ECM (collagen type 1)
inflammation, infection response (factor H, age-related)
5
Q
Cytoplasm
A
Metabolic enzymes (phenylalanine hydroxylase, PKU, adenosine deaminase (severe combined immunodeficiency)
Cytoskeleton (dystrophin, Duchenne muscular dystrophy)
6
Q
Nucleus
A
developmental transcription factors
genome integrity (BRCA1, BRAC2 breast cancer; DNA mismatch repair proteins
RNA translation regulation (EMRP to suppress translation, fragile X syndrome)
Chromatin-associated proteins
Tumor suppressors (Rb protein)
Oncogenes (BCR-Abi, leukemia)
7
Q
Cell Surface
A
hormone receptors (androgen)
metabolic factor receptors (hypercholesterolemia)
growth factor receptors (FGFR3)
ion transport (CFTR, cycstic fibrosis)
antigen presentation (HLA locus, type 1 diabetes mellitus)
8
Q
the human body is comprised of how many cells?
A
37 trillion (37x 10^12) cells
9
Q
Barrier cells include
A
epithelial, endothelial, & epidermal cells
10
Q
secretory & absorptive cells are
A
epithelial cells
11
Q
signal transmitting cells are
A
nerve cells
12
Q
connective tissue cells are
A
fibroblasts, bone, cartilage, adipocytes, & hematopoietic cells
13
Q
energy storing cells include
A
adipocytes & muscle cells
14
Q
contractile cells include
A
skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, & smooth muscle cells
15
Q
blood cells include
A
erythrocytes & leukocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, & lymphocytes)
16
Q
regenerative cells are
A
stem cells
17
Q
sex cells include
A
ova & spermatozoa female and male cells
18
Q
1 x 10^9 is
A
1 billion
19
Q
Which cell type is most represented in the body, by number of cells?
A
erythrocytes/RBCs
20
Q
Which cell type contributes the most biomass to the body?
A
contractile cells, such as cardiac and skeletal muscle
21
Q
What do barrier cells provide?
A
separation of different environments through formation of impermeable adhesions
22
Q
the apical membrane faces…?
A
the outside environment
23
Q
the basolateral membrane faces the…?
A
inside environment
24
Q
the basal region of the basolateral membrane rests on the…?
A
basement membrane
25
what are the types of adhesive junctions?
tight junctions
adheren junctions
desmosomes
gap junctions
focal adhesions
hemidesmosomes
26
describe simple squamous cells
- flat, thin, and scale-like epithelial cells that form a single layer
-for rapid diffusion and filtration
commonly
-found in lining surfaces such as blood vessels (endothelium), air sacs of the lungs (alveoli), and body cavities (mesothelium)
-uterine horn
27
describe simple cuboidal cells
- single-layered, cube-shaped epithelial cells with centrally located, round nuclei
-secretion and absorption
- found in kidney tubules, glandular ducts, and the thyroid gland
28
describe simple columnar cells
-tall, rectangular epithelial cells that form a single layer with elongated nuclei typically located near the base of the cell.
-for absorption and secretion
-found lining the digestive tract (such as the stomach and intestines), the uterus, kidney and certain ducts
- often have microvilli on their apical surface to increase surface area for absorption
- may also contain goblet cells that secrete mucus to trap pathogens
29
describe pseudostratified columnar cells
- appear to be multi-layered (stratified) but are actually a single layer (simple) with all cells in contact with the basement membrane
- The nuclei of these cells are at varying levels, giving the illusion of stratification
- secretion and movement of mucus
- found in the respiratory tract (e.g., trachea, bronchi) where it traps and moves particles out of the airways via cilia and mucus produced by goblet cells
30
describe stratified squamous cells
- multi-layered epithelial cells with flat, scale-like cells on the surface
- provide protection against abrasion and dehydration
-found in areas subject to wear and tear, such as the skin (keratinized) and the lining of the mouth, esophagus, and vagina (non-keratinized).
31
describe stratified cuboidal cells
- multi-layered, cube-shaped epithelial cells that provide protection and support
- involved in secretion and absorption
-found lining the ducts of sweat glands, salivary glands, and mammary glands.
32
describe stratified columnar cells
-multi-layered epithelial cells with tall, column-shaped cells on the surface
-providing protection and secretion
-relatively rare
-found in male urethra, large ducts of some glands, and the conjunctiva of the eye.
33
describe transitional cells
- can change shape
-allow urinary bladder and related structures to stretch and expand
-provide a protective, flexible lining that accommodates fluctuations in volume
34
motile cilia vs. sensory cilia
Motile cilia move fluid or mucus across cell surfaces
- have a "9+2" microtubule
structure,
- found in the respiratory tract
and fallopian tubes.
- many per cell
Sensory cilia detect environmental signals
- have a "9+0" microtubule
structure
- found in sensory organs like
the olfactory epithelium and
retina
- one per cell
35
describe neurons
- characterized by a single long axonal process that transmits information and multiple dendritic processes that receive info
- dendrites connected to cell body and axon connected to cell body through shaft
-axons send info while dendrites receive info
-transmit info between brain cells and from brain to other organs
ex: neuromuscular junctions
36
motor neurons
-transmit signals from the central nervous system to skeletal muscles
- initiate muscle contraction
- release neurotransmitters at neuromuscular junctions --> muscle fibers to depolarize and contract.
36
what do neuromuscular junctions do?
transmit nerve impulses to muscle fibers, triggering muscle contraction by releasing neurotransmitters like acetylcholine to bind to receptors on the muscle cell membrane, --> depolarization & interaction with organelles like the sarcoplasmic reticulum, which releases calcium ions to facilitate contraction.
37
what type of blood cells are used to carry O2 and what are their precursors?
erythrocytes
- myeloid stem cell --> proerythroblast --> reticulocyte --> erythrocyte
37
what do connective tissue cells consist of and what do they do?
- consist of fibroblastic/mesenchymal cells
- secrete ECM proteins
37
describe fibroblasts
- fried egg/spindled-shaped morphology
- highly migratory cells
- characterized by extensive rER
37
what are energy storing cells and how do they appear in a stained sample?
adipocyte tissues (fat cell tissues)
- appear like small white marshmallows I'd put in my hot chocolate :)
37
what type of blood cells are used for inflammation and what are their precursors?
basophils, neutrophils, & eosinophils
- myeloid stem cell --> myeloblast --> basophil/neutrophil/eosinophil
38
what type of blood cells are used for clotting and what are their precursors?
platelets
- myeloid stem cell --> megakaryoblast --> megakaryocyte --> platelet
38
what are the precursors of all blood cells?
hematopoietic stem cells that differentiate into erythroid progenitor cells
39
what type of blood cells are used for scavenging and what are their precursors?
monocytes
- myeloid stem cell --> monoblast --> monocyte
40
what type of blood cells are used for immunity and what are their precursors?
natural killer cells and T & B lymphocytes
- lymphoid stem cell --> lymphoblast --> natural killer cell (large granular lymphocyte)
-lymphoid stem cell --> lymphoblast --> small lymphocyte --> T or B lymphocyte
41
what are stem cells?
regenerative cells responsible for renewing all the cells of the body
42
define tissues
groups of cells with similar structures, working together to perform a shared function
43
define organs
structures made up of a group of tissues, working together to perform specific functions
44
put these in order:
organ, tissue, cell, body system
cell --> tissue --> organ --> body system
45
describe gametes
ovum and sperm (haploids)
46
describe zygote
fertilized egg (diploid)
47
describe fertilization
when haploid gametes join to form a diploid cell
48
describe cleavage
a series of rapid cell divisions to form a multicellular mass
49
describe gastrulation
coordinated cell movements forming the 3 germ layers (trilaminar disc) and initiate organogenesis
50
describe organogenesis
process during embryonic development where the three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm) differentiate and develop into the body's organs and tissues
-embryonic & fetal period of gestation
51
describe early embryogenesis
day 1: zygote
day 2: 2-cell
day 3: 4-cell or late 8-cell (totipotent)
day 4: 16-cell ball aka morula
day 5: early blastocyst (inner cell mass)
day 6: late blastocyst w/ (ab-) embryonic pole
The blastocyst ruptures the zona pellucida. This process, known as "hatching," occurs just before implantation into the uterine wall, allowing the blastocyst to attach and embed itself in the endometrium (implantation).
52
what provides the specialization of adult cells in the organism?
morphological and functional differentiation of unipotent, committed cells
53
asymmetric division and cell growth result in
morphological differentiation of cells and formation of distinct organs of the body
54
what factors induce transcriptional programs for the cellular machinery required for the differentiation of cells
extrinsic and intrinsic
55
what are the precursors of thrombocytes?
megakaryotypes
56
what are the precursors of macrophages and dendritic cells ?
monocytes
57
what are the precursors of plasma cells
B lymphocytes
58
what is homeostasis
a balance between proliferation (cell growth and replacement) and cell death (apoptosis/necrosis)
59
how are finger/toe digits formed from webbing
via cell elimination and apoptosis
60
if there is damage to cellular DNA and it cannot be repaired what occurs and how?
apoptosis occurs through p53 gene releasing normal p53, inducing the BAX promoter element box to produce BAX and put apoptosis into effect
61
if abnormal cells express a mutant abnormal p53...
the BAX promoter element box does not produce BAX and the cell continues to survive and divide
62
in terms of cell life and death, what are proliferation, replacement, and death?
proliferation of cells - organ growth
replacement of cells - organ maintenance, organ repair
death of cells - organ remodeling, organ repair
63
define totipotent
cells in the zygote that have the potential to develop into a complete organism, including supportive tissues (placenta, amnion, chorion).
present until blastocyst formation begins
the 4-CELL EMBRYO is totipotent
63
define pluripotent
cells that have the potential to become any of the germ layers, but not the supportive tissues.
present until gastrulation begins
the INNER CELL MASS is pluripotent
64
define multipotent
germ-layer specific, lineage committed cells with the potential to give rise to all cells of the germ layer.
committed to a certain lineage
“born” during gastrulation
- present until death of the organism.
64
define unipotent
committed cells that give rise to only one cell type (more of themselves)
- present until death of the organism
65
describe embryonic cells
stem cells (precursor cells) with regenerative capacity ; mitotically active, highly proliferative
66
describe adult cells:
regenerative and non-regenerative cells
non-proliferative cells
- differentiated
- stable in G0 phase
proliferative cells
- continuously renew
- stem cells of adult tissue
67
how to our cells renew?
by duplication
68
how do our cells specialize?
by differentiation
