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Chemical & Cellular (Massage Therapy) > The Cellular Level of Organization > Flashcards

The Cellular Level of Organization Flashcards

(91 cards)

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1
Q

Cell

A

Basic living, structural, functional unit of the body

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2
Q

Cell biology (cytology)

A

Study of cells

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3
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Forms sell flexible outer surface and separate the internal and external environment

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4
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Consists of all the cellular contents between the plasma membrane and the nucleus

has two compartments cytosol and organelles

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5
Q

Organelles

A

Characteristic shape and function in cell

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6
Q

Nucleus

A

Largest organelle that houses most cell DNA

Control centre of the cell

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7
Q

Chromosome

A

Single molecule of DNA

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8
Q

Genes

A

Hereditary units

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9
Q

Fluid Mosaic model

A

Continually moving sea of fluid lipids that contain many different protein

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10
Q

Plasma membrane functions

A

Barrier separating inside and outside cell
Control flow of substances inside and out of the cell
Helps identify the cell to other cells
Participates in intercellular signalling

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11
Q

Lipid bilayer

A

Basic structural framework of plasma membrane

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12
Q

Three lipid molecules that make back-to-back layers

A

Phospholipids glycolipids and cholesteryl

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13
Q

Amphipathic

A

Polar and nonpolar lipids
Phospholipids are polar head hydrophilic
Fatty acid tails or nonpolar hydrophobic

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14
Q

Integral proteins

A

Extend into and through the lipid bilayer firmly embedded

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15
Q

Transmembrane proteins

A

Span entire lipid bilayer

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16
Q

Peripheral proteins

A

Not firmly embedded attached to polar heads or integral proteins ends

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17
Q

Ion channel

A

Pore through which ion can flow

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18
Q

Carrier protein

A

Transport specific substance across a membrane

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19
Q

Receptor protein

A

Recognizes ligand and alter cell function

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20
Q

Enzyme protein

A

Catalyzes reaction inside or outside cell

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21
Q

Linker protein

A

Anchors filaments inside and outside plasma membrane

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22
Q

Cell identity marker

A

Distinguishes your cells from anyone else glycoprotein

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23
Q

Membrane fluidity

A

Easily rotating move sideways
Allows interaction with the plasma membrane
Allows movement of membrane components responsible for cell processes
(cell movement, growth, division, secretion and formation of cellular junctions)
Allows lipid bilayer to self seal it punctured

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24
Q

Membrane permeability

A

Structure permits passage of substances

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25
Selective permeability
Permit Some substances more than others
26
Concentration gradient
Difference in the concentration of a chemical from one place to another
27
Inner surface plasma membrane
More negatively charged
28
Outer surface plasma membrane
Or positively charged
29
Electrical gradient
Difference in electrical charge between two regions
30
Types of transport
Passive and active
31
Types of passive transport
Simple diffusion facilitated diffusion osmosis
32
Types of active transport
``` Active transport (primary secondary) transport in vesicles (endocytosis and exocytosis) ```
33
Passive transport
Substances move down its concentration or electrical gradient across the membrane using only it’s own Kinetic energy
34
Active transport
Cellular energy is used to drive a substance uphill against its gradients
35
Diffusion
Passive, random mixing of particles in a solution | Moves from a high to low concentration
36
Five factors of diffusion rate
Steepness of concentration gradient temperature mass of diffusing substance surface area diffusion distance
37
Simple diffusion
Substances move freely through lipid bilayer without help of transport protein
38
Facilitated diffusion
Integral membrane protein assist specific substances across (channel or carrier)
39
Osmosis
Movement of solvent (water) through selective permeable membrane area of high to low water concentration
40
Tonicity
Measure of a solution’s ability to change cell volume by altering water content
41
Isotonic solution
Same concentration both sides
42
Hypotonic solution
Solution has a lower concentration of solute then inside cell
43
Hypertonic solution
Solution has a higher concentration of solutes then inside cell
44
Crenation
Shrinkage of cell
45
Active transport
Energy is required for carrier proteins to move solutes across the membrane against a concentration gradient
46
3 types of active transport
Primary (ATP from hydrolysis) secondary (Energy stored in concentration gradient) transport in vesicles
47
Two types of Active transport by vesicle
Endocytosis | exocytosis
48
Endocytosis
Into the cell
49
Exocytosis
Out of the cell
50
Phagocytosis
Cell eating endocytosis that engulfs large particles
51
Cytoplasm
Consists of all cellular material between plasma membrane and nucleus two compartments cytosol and organelles
52
Three types of filaments of cytoskeleton
Microfilaments intermediate filaments microtubules
53
Cytoskeleton
Protein filaments that extend through cytosol
54
Organelle
Specialize structure & shape that perform specific functions, growth maintenance and reproduction in cell
55
Cilia and flagella
Short, hairlike and extend from the cell suface to move fluid Like Cilia but longer can move an entire cell
56
Nucleus
Contains cells genetic information, organized into chromosomes control centre of the cell
57
Mitochondria
Considered to be the powerhouse of the cell respiration occurs here in ATP is generated
58
Endoplasmic reticulum
Rough ER – ribosomes on outside process of protein produced by ribosomes Smooth ER – synthesizes lipids, phospholipids and steroids Assembly line
59
Golgi apparatus
Re-Processes and packs proteins and lipids produced by the cell Post office
60
Lysosome
Controls Digestive enzymes to engulf aged organelles, food and bacteria
61
Peroxisome
Contains enzymes that get rid of peroxide from the cell
62
Ribosomes
Protein synthesis
63
Centrosome
Microtubule organizing centre two components centrioles and pericentriolar matrix (Forms mitotic spindle during cell division and build microtubules in non-dividing cells
64
Proteasone
Barrel shaped, degrades damaged or faulty proteins by cutting into smaller peptides Wood chipper
65
Apoptosis
Genetically programmed death of cell
66
Chromatin
Complex of DNA and some RNA and proteins
67
Genome
Genetic information
68
Genomics
Study of relationship between genome and biological function of an organism
69
Chromosome
Highly coiled and folded DNA molecule combined with protein molecules
70
Transcription
Information encoded in a specific region of DNA to produce a specific molecule of RNA (copied)
71
Translation
RNA attaches to a ribosome, then translated into sequence of amino acids to form new protein molecule
72
Two types of protein synthesis
Transcription | translation
73
Gene expression
Genes DNA issued as a template for synthesis of a specific protein
74
Cell division
Process by which cells reproduce themselves
75
Somatic cell
any body cell other than germ cell
76
Germ cell
Gamete, cell designed to become gamete
77
Mitosis
Cell undergoes a nuclear division
78
Cytokinesis
Cytoplasmic division
79
Meiosis
Two-step reproductive cell division (reducing in half)
80
Cell cycle
When somatic cell duplicates its contents and divides in two
81
Diploid cells
Two sets of chromosomes
82
Haploid cell
Single set of chromosomes
83
Cell division phases
Interphase | mitotic phase
84
Interphase
Cell replicates it’s DNA Produces additional organelles and cytosolic components State of high metabolic activity
85
Mitotic phase
``` Results in the formation of two identical cells Nuclear division (mitosis) and cytoplasmic division (cytokinesis) ```
86
Three destinies of a cell
Remain alive and functioning grow and divide Die
87
Cdk’s
Enzymes that transfer a phosphate group from ATP to a protein to activate it others remove phosphate group to deactivate
88
Aging
Progressive alteration of the bodies homeostatic adaptive responses
89
Geriatrics
Deals with medical problems and care of elderly
90
Gerontology
Study of the progress and problems associated with aging
91
Telemeres
Protect ends of chromosome

Chemical & Cellular (Massage Therapy) (2 decks)

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