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Intro to the brain, dementia and ageing > The Central Nervous System > Flashcards

The Central Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What does the CNS include?

A

The brain and spinal cord.

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2
Q

What are FOUR functions of the CNS?

A

Stores memories, shapes our personality and awareness, adapts to changes in the environment and dictates how we think.

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3
Q

How much does the brain weigh?

A

1.3 kilos.

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4
Q

What is the role of the brain?

A

Communication between neurons.

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5
Q

What are the regions of the CNS?

A

The forebrain, brain stem, and spinal cord.

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6
Q

What is the role/function of the forebrain in the CNS?

A

Responsible for decision making and intellectual abilities.

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7
Q

What is the forebrain divided into?

A

Cortical areas (the outermost part of the brain) and subcortical areas (the innermost part of the brain).

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8
Q

What is the role/function of the cerebral cortex in the forebrain?

A

Responsible for higher brain functions such as talking and thinking.

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9
Q

What is the cerebral cortex split into?

A

The left and right cerebral hemispheres which are joined by the corpus callosum.

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10
Q

What is the cerebral cortex divided into?

A

the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, and occipital lobe.

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11
Q

Where is the frontal lobe and what is it responsible for?

A

The frontal lobe is posterior to the forehead and is responsible for motor function, language and memory.

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12
Q

What comprises the frontal lobe?

A

The motor cortex, prefrontal cortex, and Broca’s Area.

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13
Q

What is the function of the motor cortex?

A

Coordinates body movement.

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14
Q

What is the function of the prefrontal cortex?

A

Responsible for mood, personality, and self-awareness.

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15
Q

What is the function of Broca’s Area?

A

Language production.

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16
Q

Damage to Broca’s Area would result in…?

A

Difficulty speaking and words that flow clearly (Broca’s Aphasia)

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17
Q

Where is the parietal lobe and what does it contain?

A

The parietal lobe is posterior to the frontal lobe, on top of the head. It contains the somatosensory cortex.

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18
Q

What is the function of the somatosensory cortex?

A

Responding to sensory stimuli - touch, pain, temperature, and pressure. Also responsible for navigation.

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19
Q

Damage to the parietal lobe would result in…?

A

Difficulty visualizing objects and misinterpreting sides of the body. Damage depends on which hemisphere (left or right) is affected.

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20
Q

Where is the temporal lobe and what is it responsible for?

A

The temporal lobe lies superior to the ear and is responsible for auditory and visual perception, memory, comprehension, and language.

21
Q

Where is the auditory cortex and what is its function?

A

The auditory cortex is situated at the top of the temporal lobe and is responsible for hearing and receiving sound.

22
Q

What is Wernicke’s area responsible for?

A

Language comprehension.

23
Q

Damage to Wernick’s area would result in…?

A

Disorganized speech.

24
Q

What is the lower part of the temporal lobe responsible for?

A

Storing specific memories.

25
Q

Damage to the lower part of the temporal lobe would affect…?

A

A person’s long-term memory.

26
Q

What does the occipital lobe contain?

A

The primary visual cortex.

27
Q

What is the role of the primary visual cortex?

A

Receives and processes visual information.

28
Q

Pathway of information through the right and left eye?

A

The right eye sends information down the optic nerve to the back of the head and to the left hemisphere of the visual cortex; while the left eye sends information down the optic nerve to the back of the head and to the right hemisphere.

29
Q

Damage to the occipital lobe would result in…?

A

Difficulty reading and detecting movement, colors, and patterns.

30
Q

Where is the forebrain?

A

The cerebral cortex, in the subcortical area.

31
Q

What is the role (s) of the basal ganglia?

A

Assists the cerebral cortex in movement - after the cerebral cortex processes sensory information from the body it communicates with the basal ganglia which plan the subsequent action and sends this information to the motor cortex, initiating movement. The basal ganglia also play a role in language, emotion, and thought - involved in addictive behaviors.

32
Q

Damage to the basal ganglia would result in…?

A

An increased risk of Parkinson’s Disease due to cell degeneration in the substantial Niagara which causes characteristic symptoms of Parkinson’s.

33
Q

What is the role of the basal forebrain?

A

Interacts with the cerebral cortex during information processing to carry out subsequent actions/activities. Also plays a role in attending ‘important things’ and ignoring ‘less important’ things which allow focus.

34
Q

What is the function of the limbic system?

A

Processes information regarding the body’s internal state.

35
Q

Five areas in the limbic system include…?

A

The hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, and the cingulate cortex.

36
Q

What is the role of the hippocampus?

A

Creates and stores memories. During sleep, it sends memories to different areas of the brain for long-term storage.

37
Q

Damage to the hippocampus would result in…?

A

Difficulty forming new memories; however old memories still remain. This condition is known as Anterograde Amnesia and may lead to Alzheimer’s.

38
Q

What is the role of the thalamus?

A

Provides a gateway to the cerebral cortex; receives, processes, and passes sensory information regarding touch, taste, hearing, and seeing to the appropriate area within the cerebral cortex.

39
Q

Smell (olfaction) is sent to what area in the brain?

A

The olfactory bulb.

40
Q

Where is the hypothalamus and what is its role?

A

The hypothalamus is located inferior to the thalamus and is responsible for maintaining homeostasis through regulating the endocrine and autonomic nervous systems. It is involved in body temperature regulation, thirst, hunger, and sleep (circadian rhythm).

41
Q

What is the role of the amygdala?

A

Involved in emotions like fear, anger, and sadness; and excitement and arousal. Interprets emotions from other people, processes information regarding touch, taste, smell, hearing, and sight, and uses this to determine what emotion is appropriate.

42
Q

Damage to the amygdala would result in…?

A

An inability to recognize the emotions of others.

43
Q

An overstimulated amygdala would result in…?

A

Cause [fear], leading to the stimulation of other body parts to compensate ie. increased blood pressure and heart rate.

44
Q

What is the role of the Cingulate cortex?

A

Activates when we express emotion, interact with others, and instructs us on how to behave in complex situations. In short, it’s responsible for social interaction.

45
Q

What is the brain stem comprised of?

A

The midbrain and hindbrian.

46
Q

What is the midbrain responsible for?

A

Controlling head and neck reflexes and coordinating movement. Contains the reticular activating system which plays a role in arousal. Damage to this system leads to coma and evidently, death.

47
Q

What is the hindbrain comprise of, and what are [they] responsible for?

A

The hindbrain contains the cerebellum which is responsible for balance, spatial awareness, and motor skills; pons, which connects the cerebellum to the cerebral cortex; and the medulla, which regulates heart rate, breathing, and other vital functions.

48
Q

Damage to the medulla contributes to…?

A

Brain death.

49
Q

Hows does information travel down the spinal cord? Outline the TWO pathways.

A
  1. ) Sensory information from the body travels up the spinal cord to the brain
  2. ) Information from the brain travels down the spinal cord to the periphery; initiating movement.

Intro to the brain, dementia and ageing (4 decks)

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