the cerebrum

Question 1

where is broca’s area found

Answer 1

frontal lobe. LEFT hemisphere

Question 2

what is the function of broca’s area

Answer 2

production of speech

Question 3

where is the motor and pre motor cortex found

Answer 3

frontal lobe

Question 4

where is the prefrontal cortex found

Answer 4

frontal lobe

Question 5

what are the functions of prefrontal cortex

Answer 5

motor control, programming and planning, attention, memory, problem solving

Question 6

what part of the frontal lobe is involved in personality, social behaviour, emotion?

Answer 6

orbital cortex

Question 7

what is the function of the motor and pre motor cortex

Answer 7

primary and secondary levels of motor control, verbal fluency and design fluency

Question 8

what are some functions of the temporal lobe

Answer 8

auditory, olfactory, visual association, memory, emotional and social

Question 9

what makes up primary auditory cortex

Answer 9

Heschl’s gyrus

Question 10

where is the auditory cortex found

Answer 10

superior part of temporal lobe

Question 11

what is agnosia

Answer 11

loss of ability to recognise objects, people, sounds, shapes, smells etc

Question 12

what does the parietal lobe integrate

Answer 12

spatial sense and navigation

Question 13

what is the parietal cortex comprised of

Answer 13

somatosensory cortex and dorsal stream visual system

Question 14

what is the postcentral gyrus responsible for

Answer 14

somatosensation

Question 15

where is language processing associated with (lobe)

Answer 15

parietal lobe

Question 16

what is the function of the anterior parietal lobe

Answer 16

postural sensation, tactile sensation

Question 17

what can damage to ant parietal lobe result in

Answer 17

agraphism (inability to write), asterognosis (inability to recognise objects by touch)

Question 18

what is Balint syndrome and what is it associated with

Answer 18

poor spatial processing, damage to the superior parietal lobe

Question 19

what is conductive aphasia and what associated with

Answer 19

difficulty reading, writing etc inferior parietal lobe

Question 20

what are some of the problems associated with the inferior parietal lobe

Answer 20

alexia (don’t understand written words), dyslexia, apraxia, asomatognosia (lack awareness body parts), spatial neglect

Question 21

what is brodmann area 17?

Answer 21

primary visual cortex (V1- visual 1)

Question 22

what happens if V1 is damaged (brodmann 17)

Answer 22

blindsight, eyes work but brain cant understand

Question 23

what hemisphere is wernickes are on?

Answer 23

left

Question 24

whats the difference between damage to brocas and wernickes?

Answer 24

brocas- speech production (aphasia); wernickes- speech comprehension affected

Question 25

what happens in damage to angular gyrus

Answer 25

alexia (problems reading), agraphia (writing)

Question 26

what happens in damage to the arcuate fasciculus

Answer 26

conduction aphasia, comprehension and production normal but word selection is impaired

Question 27

what are the stages of sleep

Answer 27

stage 1 (light sleep), 2 (sleep), 3+4 (deep slow wave sleep), REM (dreaming)

Question 28

what are used to investigate sleep

Answer 28

polysomnography: EEG, EMG, ECG, EOG, resp function, pulse oxymetry, brain activity, HR

Question 29

what is the order of waveforms in EEG (small- largest)

Answer 29

sigma, theta, alpha, beta, gamma, miu

Question 30

what waveform is when eyes are shut

Answer 30

alpha

Question 31

what waveform is when eyes are open

Answer 31

beta

Question 32

when going into stage 1 sleep what happens to the waveforms?

Answer 32

alpha disappears replaced by theta

Question 33

what phenomena are seen in stage 2 to help in the winding down process

Answer 33

K complexes and sleep spindles (bursts of activity)

Question 34

what are the brainwaves in stage 3 and 4 sleep?

Answer 34

sigma rhythm

Question 35

what happens during REM

Answer 35

whole body is paralysed apart from the eyes (muscle atonia)

Question 36

what brainwaves are present in REM

Answer 36

theta and beta

Question 37

what can cause insomnia

Answer 37

drugs, stress, depression, brain injury, poor sleep hygiene

Question 38

what can lead to excessive daytime sleepiness

Answer 38

not enough night time sleep, underlying disorder, circadian rhythm disorder, depression, structural brain lesion

Question 39

what is narcolepsy

Answer 39

fall asleep at inappropriate times

Question 40

what is present in narcolepsy

Answer 40

excessive daytime sleepiness, cataplexy (loss of muscle tone), sleep paralysis, hypnogogic hallucinations

Question 41

what is narcolepsy associated with

Answer 41

HLA type- autoimmune disease

Question 42

what is narcolepsy disagnosed with

Answer 42

multiple sleep latency test

Question 43

what is narcolepsy treated with

Answer 43

amphatamines, modafinil. tca for cataplexy.

Question 44

what is restless leg syndrome

Answer 44

irresistible urge to move body especially legs during sleep

Question 45

what is restless leg syndrome associated with and how can treat

Answer 45

dopamine also common in those iron deficient. treat with iron supplements, dopamine agonists, L-DOPA

Question 46

what are parasomnias, how are they classified?

Answer 46

abnormal behaviours, emotions, perceptions, dreams occur while falling asleep or upon arousal. REM and non REM

Question 47

what are symptoms of non REM parasomnias?

Answer 47

confusional arousals, sleepwalking, sleep terrors, teeth grinding

Question 48

what are symptoms of REM parasomnias?

Answer 48

loss of muscle atonia during REM, so patient acts out the dream. increased incidence in Parkinsons

Question 49

what can treat REM parasomnia with

Answer 49

clonazepam

Question 50

what is sleep apnoea

Answer 50

abnormal pauses in breathing or instances of low breathing during sleep

Question 51

why does a person come out of deep sleep into a lighter state of sleep in sleep apnoea

Answer 51

due to the lack of oxygen

Question 52

what can you use for the management of sleep apnoea

Answer 52

CRAP- continuous positive airway pressure

Question 53

what sulcus divides the frontal and lateral lobes

Answer 53

central sulcus

Question 54

what is another name for the lateral sulcus

Answer 54

sylvian fissure

Question 55

what part of cortex is buried within neighbouring cortex

Answer 55

insula

Question 56

what fissure can be seen from the basal surface dividing the 2 hemispheres?

Answer 56

longitudinal fissure

Question 57

what passes through the lateral fissure

Answer 57

middle cerebral artery

Question 58

what sulcus can be seen from the medial surface separating the occipital and parietal lobe

Answer 58

parieto-occipital sulcus

Question 59

what connects the 2 hemispheres

Answer 59

corpus callosum

Question 60

what are the segments of the corpus callosum

Answer 60

rostrum, genu, body, splenium

Question 61

what connects the hippocampus and the hypothalamus (white matter)

Answer 61

fornix

Question 62

what gyrus is associated with the primary motor cortex

Answer 62

pre central gyrus

Question 63

what gyrus is associated with the primary sensory cortex

Answer 63

post central gyrus

Question 64

what gyrus is associated with the primary auditory cortex

Answer 64

superior temporal gyrus

Question 65

what sulcus is associated with the primary visual cortex

Answer 65

calcarine sulcus

Question 66

what is the superolateral part of the brain supplied by

Answer 66

MCA

Question 67

what is the medial surface of the brain supplied by

Answer 67

anterior and posterior cerebral arteries

Question 68

what supplies the deep part of the brain

Answer 68

lots of tiny branches off of the circle of willis

Question 69

where is brocas area found

Answer 69

directly in front of the primary motor cortex

Question 70

what connects the 2 temporal lobes

Answer 70

anterior commissure

Question 71

what happens as move further back on coronal sections of the brain

Answer 71

lentiform nucleus becomes smaller due to the thalamus (as go further back caudate nucleus becomes smaller)

Question 72

is the thalamus medial or lateral to the internal capsule

Answer 72

medial

Question 73

what does the posterior commissure connect?

Answer 73

medial longitudinal bundles

Question 74

what happens if the posterior commissure is damaged

Answer 74

blurred vision

Question 75

what is the equation for cerebral blood flow

Answer 75

perfusion pressure/ resistance

Question 76

what is the perfusion pressure

Answer 76

mean arterial pressure- intracranial pressure

Question 77

what is the difference between stroke and TIA

Answer 77

stroke symptoms >24 hours, TIA <24 hours

Question 78

what are the types of stroke

Answer 78

ischaemic and hemorrhagic (15% of strokes)

Question 79

what is the most common cause of ischaemic stroke

Answer 79

thromboembolism

Question 80

other causes of ischaemia stroke

Answer 80

intracranial small vessel disease, embolism from the heart, haemodynamic failure, arterial vasospasm

Question 81

what are the distributions of stroke

Answer 81

total anterior (17%), partial anterior (34%), posterior (24%), lacunar (25%)

Question 82

what is the consequence of a total anterior stroke

Answer 82

hemiplegia contralat, hemanopia contralat, disturbance higher function

Question 83

consequence of partial anterior stroke

Answer 83

motor/sensory deficit +/- hemanopia; or with new higher cerebral dysfunction; pure motor/sensory deficit

Question 84

consequences of posterior stroke

Answer 84

brainstem features. hemanopia, cortical blindness. cranial nerve palsy. motor and sensory deficit

Question 85

consequences of lacunar stroke

Answer 85

pure motor or sensory stroke; sensorimotor, ataxic hemiparesis

Question 86

what are the causes of intracerebral hemorrhage

Answer 86

local vessel abnormalities eg hypertension, infarction; systemic factors eg drugs, trauma

Question 87

what are the causes of a subarach hemorrhage

Answer 87

trauma or spontaneous- spont leads to rupturing of saccular aneurysm (berry); infection; vasculitis

Question 88

what is a saccular aneursym

Answer 88

dilatation of artery at the base of the brain (congenital or acquired) no effect compressive or hemorrhagic

Question 89

what is an aneurysm

Answer 89

weak area in a blood vessel wall causing the blood vessel to bulge out

Question 90

the CBF stays constant over what BP

Answer 90

60-160 mmHg

Question 91

what does a decrease in PaO2 lead to

Answer 91

increase CBF (modest)

Question 92

what does an increase in PaCO2 lead to

Answer 92

increase CBF (potent)

Question 93

what does an increase in Hct lead to

Answer 93

increase in PaO2 so a decrease in CBF

Question 94

what is the constant ICP

Answer 94

5-15 mmHg

Question 95

what are the main determinants of cerebral blood flow

Answer 95

arterial blood pressure, metabolic, chemical, neurogenic

Question 96

how can ICP and mean arterial pressure be found

Answer 96

measure ICP directly. MAP = diastolic + 1/3 pulse pressure (difference between diastolic and systolic)

Question 97

what leads to the intrinsic ability to maintain stability of blood flow

Answer 97

autoregulation

Question 98

what is the CBF maintained at. what must ICP and MAP be

Answer 98

50mls/100g/min. ICP =10mmHg; MAP 60-150 mmHg

Question 99

what does a change of 1kPa in PaCO2 result in for CBF

Answer 99

30% change CBF

Question 100

when is there change in CBF wrt PaO2

Answer 100

when PaO2 < 7 kPa

Question 101

what does cerebral vasculature most respond to

Answer 101

PaO2

Question 102

which is more metabolically active grey or white matter

Answer 102

grey 4x as active

Question 103

which has the least effect on CBF

Answer 103

neurogenic