The challenge of natural hazards Flashcards
(57 cards)
1
Q
what is the structure of the earth?
A
- crust
- mantel
- outer core
- inner core
2
Q
where are earthquakes and volcanos distributed?
A
- plate margins
- earthquakes at destructive, constructive and conservative
- volcanos at constructive, destructive
- land and in sea
3
Q
what happens at constructive plate margins?
A
- 2 plates moving apart
- magma rise through gap
- volcanos and earthquakes occur
4
Q
what happens at destructive plate margins?
A
- oceanic plate defends bellow continental
- magma rises
- volcanos and earthquakes
5
Q
what happens at conservative plate margins?
A
- 2 plates collide sliding past each other
- earthquakes occur
6
Q
what are some simple facts about what happened at Christchurch/ Christchurch?
A
- New Zealand
- 6.3 magnitude
- 22nd february 2011
- MIC
- earthquake
7
Q
what are the primary effects of Christchurch?
A
- 181 people died
- damaged water and sewerage pipes
- 50% building damaged
- 80% without electricity
8
Q
what are secondary effects of Christchurch?
A
- business out of action
- schools share classrooms
- mentally effected
9
Q
what are immediate responses to Christchurch?
A
- cared for vulnerable
- chemical toilets
- aid workers
- areas were zoned
10
Q
what are the long-term responses to Christchurch?
A
- roads repaired
- 898 million dolles in building claims
11
Q
what are some simple facts about what happened in Nepal/ Nepal?
A
- earthquake
- LEDC
7. 8 magnitude - 25th april 2015
12
Q
what are the primary effects of Nepal?
A
- 8841 dead
- 16,000 injured
- historic building destroyed
- 352 after shocks
- reduced water supply
13
Q
what are the secondary effects of Nepal?
A
- avalanche on Mount Everest
- tourism income decreased
- rice fields destroyed- food shortages
14
Q
what are the immediate responses to Nepal?
A
- 126 million dollars for emergency aid
- tents for 225,000 people
15
Q
what re the long term responses to Nepal?
A
- 274 million dollars for recovery
- stricture building codes
16
Q
why do people continue to live in hazardous areas?
A
- farming
- mining
- tourism
- family, friends and feelings
- geothermal energy
17
Q
what are the 3 p’s?
A
- prediction
- protection
- planning
18
Q
how do people predict?
A
- seismometers
- GPS on phones
- patterns
19
Q
how do people protect?
A
-earthquake proof buildings
20
Q
how do people plan?
A
- furniture attached to floor
- aid supplies
- learn how to turn off electricity and gas
21
Q
how are surface winds formed?
A
- differences in air pressure
- winds move from high to low pressure
- part of global circulation loops
22
Q
how many local circulation loops are there and what happens?
A
- 6
- warm air rising makes low pressure belt
- cold air falling makes high pressure belts
23
Q
how do the loops work?
A
- warm air rising from equator-low pressure
- rises and cools at 30degrees- high pressure
- at 60degrees warm air meets cool air- low pressure
- high pressure at the poles
24
Q
what is the global distribution of tropical storms?
A
- oceans
- coastal areas
- between 30N and 30S
- tropical paths going away from equator
25
what are the causes of tropical storms?
- sea temperature 26d or higher
- low difference between wind speeds
- raising air creating low pressure
- increase in surface winds
26
what are the features of a tropical storm?
- circular
- 100+ km wide
- 7-14 days
- anticlockwise in north
- clockwise in south
27
what is the formation of a tropical storm?
- eye - no winds
- 50km
- depending air
- eyewall- strong winds
- sprillig winds
- edges- wind speed falls
- less intense rain
28
how does climate change affect tropical storms?
- global temperatures rising so higher ocean temperatures -so higher distribution
- oceans 27d or higher more time in the year
- so increasing frequency
- stronger storms
29
what is some background information about Typhoon Haiyan?
- november 2013
- category 5
- 170mph winds
- waves 15m
30
what are the primary effects of Typhoon Haiyan?
- 400,000 homes destroyed
- 6500 people killed
- cros destroyed
- 30,000 fishing boats destroyed
31
what are the secondary effect of Typhoon Haiyan?
- 4.9million children malnourished
- 6m lost income
- nearly 2000 schools destroyed
- population lowering
32
what were the immediate responses to Typhoon Haiyan?
- 800,000 evacuated
- medical supplies distributed
- 250,000 litres of water distributed
- food packs supplied
33
what were the long term responses to Typhoon Haiyan?
- 'no build zone' along east coast
- new storm surge system
- mangroves replanted
34
how is prediction possible before a tropical storm?
- satellites
| - calculate and predict path
35
what protection can be installed to reduce the risks of a tropical storm?
- hurricane straps in roofs
- shutters on windows
- remove trees close to buildings
36
how can planning reduce the risks of a tropical storm?
- supply kits
- fuel in cars
- planning with family
37
what are the weather hazards which occur in the UK?
- flooding
- drought
- stroms
38
what were the causes of Britains Blizzard?
- temperatures didn't go higher than freezing
- bitterly cold winds from NE
- artic air
- heavy snow
39
what were the social impacts of Britains Blizzard?
- 7000 schools closing at times
- people dying of hypothermia or accidents
- frozen pipes
40
what were the economical impacts of Britains Blizzard?
- transport networks disrupted
- M8 closed
- unable to get to work
- reduced Uk's GPD by 0.5%
41
what were the environmental impacts of Britains Blizzard?
- up to 50cm of snow
- damaged crops
- high amount of gas/electricity so more CO2
42
what are some management strategies which can reduce risks of weather hazards?
- warning systems for time to prepare
- gritters
- close schools
- emergency services
43
what is the Quaternary period?
-most recent glacial period
44
what is some evidence of climate change?
- sea level rise
- seasonal changes
- melting ice i.e. size of antarctic
- temperature records
45
what are some natural factors which are causes of climate change?
- orbital changes
- closer to sun warmer it is
- volcanic activity
- volcanos release CO2
- solar output
- making climate cooler in certain areas
46
what are some human factors which are causes of climate change?
- burning fossil fuels
- farming- producing methane
- deforestation
47
how does climate change affect the environment?
- glaciers shrinking
- sea level rise
- loss of polar habitats
- low lying lands disappearing
- precipitation patterns
48
how does climate change affect people?
- deaths due to heat
- loss of water availability
- lower crop yield
49
what is mitigation?
-strategies to reduce the causes of climate change
50
what is carbon capture and how does it reduce climate change?
- reducing emissions from fossil fuels burning
| - capturing CO2 and storing it
51
how does planting trees help mitigation?
-absorbs CO2
52
how does alternative energy production help mitigation?
- using renewable resources
| - tidal power projects
53
what are the international agreements to help mitigation?
- EU cut 20% of emissions from 1990 to 2020
| - most countries agree to cut down on greenhouse gases
54
what is adaption?
responding to changes causes by climate change
55
how does changing agricultural systems help adaption?
- new crop types suitable to climate
| - new crop varieties more resistant
56
how does managing water supply help adaption?
- water meters discourage from using a lot of water
| - collect rainwater
57
how does coping with rising sea levels help with adaption?
- physical defences
| - build houses higher
