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Geography > The Changing Economic World > Flashcards

The Changing Economic World Flashcards

1
Q

What is development

A

The progress of a country in terms of economic growth, the use of
technology and human welfare

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2
Q

What are four factors affecting a country’s development

A

Social factors (eg: access to safe water and education)

Environmental factors (eg: natural hazards)

Economic factors (eg: trade and debt)

Political factors (eg: unstable government and war)

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3
Q

What is the development gap

A

Difference in standards of living and wellbeing between the
world’s richest and poorest countries

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4
Q

What are inequalities

A

Differences between poverty and wealth, as well as wellbeing and
access to jobs, housing and education etc

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5
Q

What are examples of development indicators

A

Access to safe water
Adult literacy
Birth rate
Death rate
GNI per capita
HDI
Infant mortality rate
Life expectancy rate
People per doctor

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6
Q

What are categories of grouping development

A

HICs
NEEs
LICs
Brandt line

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7
Q

What is GNI per capita

A

Gross National Income

The economic measure of the total value of goods or services produced by a country + the money earned from and paid to other countries. It is expressed as per head (per capita) of the population. The total earnings made is divided by the population number

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8
Q

How useful is GNI

A

Economic measures indicative of average wealth within
the country. Average can be distorted by extreme wealth
/ wealth inequality.

A lower value is indicative of a better healthcare system

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9
Q

What is HDI

A

Human Development Index

Aims to show how far people are benefiting from a country’s economic growth.

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10
Q

What three measures does HDI consist of

A

Life expectancy at birth
GNI per head
Number of education years

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11
Q

How useful is HDI

A

Uses social and economic measures to look at a range of measures

Values closer to 1.0 show high levels of development

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12
Q

What makes a good quality of life

A

Different things in different countries such as

Stability
Freedom
Security
Right to vote
Overall happiness

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13
Q

How do we measure quality of life

A

Economic and social measures use broad statistics to measure the quality of life.

They however do not give an accurate measure of the individual’s quality of life

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14
Q

What is the standard of living

A

Refers to the amount and quality of material goods and
services available to a given population.

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15
Q

What is people per doctor

A

The total population divided by the number of doctors in the
country.

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16
Q

How is people per doctor useful

A

Social measure – indicates how easily people are able to
access a doctor / healthcare.

A higher number of doctors per 1,000 population
indicates greater development.

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17
Q

What is adult literacy rate

A

The percentage of adults who can read and write

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18
Q

How is adult literacy rate useful

A

Social measure – indicates how good the education
system is / how many people access universal education.

A higher value indicates better access to education.

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19
Q

What is access to safe drinking water

A

The proportion of people using improved water sources: drinking,
household connection; public standpipe; borehole; protected dug
well; protected spring; rainwater

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20
Q

How is measuring access to safe drinking water useful

A

Social measure – indicates universality of public
sanitation and infrastructure

Higher value indicates greater development

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21
Q

What is death rate

A

Number of deaths per 1000 people per year

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22
Q

How useful is death rate

A

Social measure – provides a good indication of the level
of healthcare.

A lower value is indicative of a better healthcare system.

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23
Q

What is birth rate

A

The number of live births per 1000 people per year

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24
Q

How useful is birth rate

A

Social measure – number of children being born.

More developed countries tend to have lower values, as
people have fewer children.

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25
Q

What is infant mortality

A

The number of deaths of children under the age of 1 year expressed
as 1000 live births per year.

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26
Q

Why is measuring infant mortality rate useful

A

Social measure – provides a good indication of access to
healthcare, nutrition etc.

A lower value indicates a higher level of development.

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27
Q

What is life expectancy

A

The average number of years from birth that a person can expect to
live for.

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28
Q

Why is measuring life expectancy useful

A

Social measure – indicative of access to healthcare,
nutrition and other social goods.

Higher value indicates greater development.

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29
Q

What are the limitations of economic and social measures

A
  1. Data can be out of date
  2. Data can be hard to collect
  3. Data may be unreliable (eg: infant mortality rate in some locations is often higher than expected)
  4. Only focuses on certain aspects of development, may not take other aspects into account
  5. Government corruption causes unreliable data
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30
Q

What is natural increase

A

Birth rate - Death rate of population

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31
Q

What is the DTM

A

Demographic Transition Model

A model of how population changes over time

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32
Q

What happens at Stage 1

A

High death rates
High birth rates
A low total population that increases slowly

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33
Q

What are the reasons for a high death rate in Stage 1

A

Lack of doctors and healthcare
No sanitation
Famine

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34
Q

What are the reasons for a high birth rate in Stage 1

A

Lack of contraception or family planning
High infant mortality rate (dying during childhood)

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35
Q

What happens at Stage 2

A

Low, falling death rates
High birth rates
Total population continues to rise quickly

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36
Q

What are the reasons for a low death rate at Stage 2

A

Improved healthcare and sanitation

Lower infant mortality rate

Farming

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37
Q

What are the reasons for a high birth rate at Stage 2

A

Stage 1 reasons

Religions often promote families

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38
Q

What happens at Stage 3

A

Slow decreasing death rates
Low, rapid birth rates
The total population quickly increases

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39
Q

What are the reasons for a low, rapid birth rate at Stage 3

A

Available contraception and family planning

Lower infant mortality rates due to healthcare

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40
Q

What are the reasons for a slow death rate at Stage 3

A

Medical technology continues to improve, and is more accessible even to poor

Women get the vote and prioritise careers

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41
Q

What happens at Stage 4

A

Low birth rates
Low death rates
Total population rises slowly and begins too peak

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42
Q

What are the reasons for a low birth rate at Stage 4

A

More women attend university, pursue high paying careers

Women have children later in life

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43
Q

What are the reasons for a low death rate at Stage 4

A

More children survive for adulthood

Cured diseases are more common

44
Q

What happens at Stage 5

A

Slow, increasing death rates

Low, increasing birth rates

Population slowly starts to decrease

45
Q

What are the reasons for a low birth rate in Stage 5

A

More children becomes increasingly expensive

Women have fewer children in later life

46
Q

What are the reasons for an increasing death rate in Stage 5

A

Poor lifestyle choices
Increasingly elderly population - unable to have children

47
Q

What country might be in Stage 1

A

Andaman Islands

48
Q

What country might be in Stage 2

A

Yemen

49
Q

What country might be in Stage 3

A

South Africa

50
Q

What country might be in Stage 4

A

UK

51
Q

What country might be in Stage 5

A

Japan

52
Q

What is an LIC

A

A developing country

53
Q

What is a HIC

A

A developed country

54
Q

How do we calculate dependency ratio

A

(%population < 15) + (%population > 65)/ working age population % x 100

55
Q

How can Population Pyramids help us

A

Population pyramids don’t just show you population numbers, but also the
structure of your population (e.g. % or number of males / females in each
age group).

56
Q

What are the two factors you need to know when using a Population Pyramid

A

Shape
Size of bars

57
Q

What are some causes of uneven development

A

Poverty
Colonialisation
War
Priorities
Climate related diseases
Water supply
Debt
Political instability

58
Q

What is the cycle of poverty

A

Low wages
Little food money
Poor nutrition
Limited access to clean water
Few job opportunities
Low standard of living
Low farm yields
Low education levels
Little work energy
Poor health

59
Q

What are some physical causes of uneven development

A

Disease
Landlocked countries
Extreme weather
Lack of adequate supplies

60
Q

What are some economic causes of uneven development

A

Poverty causing poverty
Low life expectancy rates
Frequent illness
Lack of nutritional diet

Rich countries can keep getting richer

Poor countries can keep getting poorer

61
Q

What is remittance

A

Sending money online to someone

62
Q

What are the benefits of sending home remittance

A
  1. Boost the receiving country’s GNI
  2. In countries such as Somalia, remittances account for more of the country’s wealth than international trade
63
Q

What are the drawbacks of sending home remittance

A
  1. Countries become too dependent on remittance and if there is problems sending money to the receiving country, this can have a large knock of effects on the economy
  2. Money sent abroad could be used to fund extremism (eg: Al Shabaab in Somalia or Boko Haram in Nigeria)
64
Q

What are the good strategies we can take to reduce the development gap

A

Debt relief
Fairtrade
Aid
Tourism
Industrial development
Microfinance loans
Investments
Intermediate technology

65
Q

What is industrial development

A

The development of industry, such as factories and
infrastructure

66
Q

What is a microfinance loan

A

The provision of financial help (mainly money) to small
businesses and private enterprises which do not have access to
banking services

67
Q

What is an investment

A

The action or process of investing money for profit. Usually
from a HIC to a LIC

68
Q

EXAM QUESTION

Explain how industrial development can help reduce the development gap

A

Industrial development can allow the LIC to increase its income as a way to reduce the development gap. It will be producing more profitable value added goods rather than primary products (eg: oil, water, fish)

69
Q

What is migration

A

The movement of people from place to place

70
Q

What are four different types of migration + meanings

A

Economic migration: moving to find work or follow a particular career path

Social migration: moving somewhere for a better quality of life or to be closer to family or friends

Political migration: moving to escape political persecution or war

Environmental migration: moving due to environmental reasons, such as escaping natural disasters such as flooding, or climate change

71
Q

What is a push factor

A

Those that force a person to move/leave a place

72
Q

What is a pull factor

A

Those that encourage a person to move to a place

73
Q

What is an emigrant

A

Someone who moves out of their original country permanently

74
Q

What is an immigrant

A

Someone who moves from one country to another foreign country permanently

75
Q

What is an economic migrant

A

A person who moves out voluntarily to seek a better life

76
Q

What is the difference between forced migration and voluntary migration

A

Voluntary focuses on the advantages and disadvantages of moving

Forced only focuses on the disadvantages

77
Q

What is a refugee

A

Someone who is forced to move out of their home due to natural disasters, war, persecution or political instability

78
Q

What is a displaced person

A

A person forced to move out of their home, but stays in the same country or origin

79
Q

EXAM QUESTION

How does uneven development cause international migration

A

Uneven development can lead to people moving across borders in pursuit
of higher wages and a better standard of living / quality of life. This is
known as economic migration. Since 2004, more than 1.5 million Polish nationals have moved to the UK because it’s relatively low ~2%
unemployment rate (pull-factor), compared with Poland’s high ~10%
unemployment rate (push-factor). In addition to a greater chance of
employment, higher wages in HICs versus NEEs can be a major contributing factor in people’s decision to move. Other push factors, might include: lack of infrastructure; lack of educational opportunities; and, poor quality
healthcare.

80
Q

What is aid

A

The transfer of resources from a HIC to an LIC. Aid includes money, equipment, food, training, skilled people and loans

81
Q

What are different types of aid

A

Multilateral
International
Voluntary
Short term
Long term
Tied
Bilateral

82
Q

What is international aid

A

A gift, which can take the form of money, goods or
services, given to a developing country. Unlike a loan, international aid does not have to be repaid at a later date. International aid is managed by a country’s government (e.g. the Department for International Development in the UK).

83
Q

What is voluntary aid

A

Where individuals, primarily in HICs, donate money or goods to charities like Oxfam. Where international aid is long-term and targeted, voluntary aid is usually short-term and focuses on individual crises (e.g. 2020 Beirut explosion).

84
Q

What is bilateral aid

A

Aid from one country to another

85
Q

What is tied aid

A

Aid given with certain conditions

eg: the recipient has to spend the aid money on the donor country’s products

86
Q

What is multilateral aid

A

When richer governments give money to an international organisation such as the World Bank, which then redistributes the money as aid to poorer countries

87
Q

What is long term aid

A

Sustainable aid that seeks to improve resilience

(eg: wells to reduce the effect of drought, or improvements in agriculture)

88
Q

What is short term aid

A

Emergency help usually in response to a natural disaster

(eg: earthquake, volcano)

89
Q

What is intermediate technology

A

Simple, easily learned and maintained
technology used in a range of economic activities serving local needs in LICs.

90
Q

What are benefits of intermediate technology

A

Cheap costs
Good reliability
Good sustainability
Creates opportunities

91
Q

What are drawbacks of intermediate technology

A

Still costly
Must be treated well throughout (needs to be achievable and meet peoples needs)

92
Q

EXAM QUESTION

Explain why the use of aid must be sustainable if it is to be effective in raising a poor country’s level of development

A

The most successful forms of international aid are those that are sustainable. In this case, sustainability means that any aid should be able to meet the needs of the current generation without damaging the prospects of future generations.

For example, large infrastructure projects like the Grand Inga project in the DRC were to be financed by loans from the World Bank. This means the initial loans and interest have
to be repaid, which can increase the time taken for these projects to return a profit to
the recipient country. Furthermore, without the right training and equipment, large
infrastructure projects can be difficult to maintain, to ensure they provide good value for money. Additionally, large hydropower projects often require the flooding of land, resulting in habitat destruction, which can negatively affect their sustainability.

However, projects like Oxfam Goat Aid, are much more sustainable, as: the goats provide a good food source (i.e. milk, cheese and meat); their dung can be used as fertiliser for
crops; milk can be sold for profit; goats can be easily bred for profit. All of these factors help improve people’s quality of life and level of development, without the need for
complex technology or advanced skills to ensure their long-term sustainability.

93
Q

What is a tariff

A

Taxes paid on imports by the importer. They make imported goods more expensive and less attractive than home produced goods.

94
Q

What is a quota

A

Limits on the quantity of goods that can be imported. They are usually applied to primary products, so they mainly affect poorer countries.

95
Q

What is freetrade

A

When countries do not charge tariffs and quotas to restrict trade with each other. This has the potential to benefit the world’s poorest countries and help reduce the development gap.

The World Trade Organisation (WTO) aims to make trade easier and remove barriers.

96
Q

What is agricultural subsidy

A

A financial barrier to Free trade

Financial support from governments to help their farmers. Rich countries can afford to pay subsidies and so their products are cheaper than those produced by poorer countries. This goes against Free Trade.

97
Q

What are trading blocs

A

Countries which are grouped together to increase the level of trade between them by cutting tariffs and discouraging
trading with non members.

98
Q

What is an example of a trading bloc

A

EU (European Union)

99
Q

What are the benefits of LICs joining a trade group

A
  1. Encourages trade between member countries
  2. Richer countries cannot shop around to get cheaper products
  3. Members can command a greater share of the market
  4. Members are able to get higher prices for their goods
100
Q

What is Fairtrade

A

A system where agricultural producers in countries at lesser stages of development are paid a fair price for their produce.

This helps them to attain a reasonable standard of living

101
Q

What are the advantages of using Fairtrade

A

Farmer gets all his money back from the sale of his crop

Farmers are guaranteed a fair price

Part of the price is invested in local community development projects

In return, the farmer must agree to farm in an environmentally friendly way

The product gains a stronger position in the global market

102
Q

What is debt relief

A

Forgiving a debt in part or in total (writing it off)

103
Q

What are the benefits of debt relief

A

HIPC – Heavily Indebted Poor Countries

Guyana – public hospitals provide free healthcare, not possible restructuring of national debts

In 1999 total foreign debt of HIPC was worth 457% of exports

Current rates of borrowing began in 1970s, when commodity prices were high and expected to remain high. Interest rates
increased in the 1980s and commodity prices fell.

More than 35 countries, including Guyana, are receiving over $117 billion of debt relief from creditors (part of their debts is being cancelled)

Guyana reduced interest payments by £60 million a year, and increased social spending by 25%.

Uganda is receiving $3.7 billion in multilateral debt relief.

In 1990s, Uganda spent 20% of export revenues paying off debts, as of 2010, it pays just 5% of export revenues.

Uganda’s rural transpiration budget has doubled over the past decade to $15.5 million per year to help facilitate the movement of goods. This has helped to increase income, as people are able to transport goods to market more easily.

Debt stock of 35 HIPCs has dropped from $141 billion to $23 billion as a result of debt relief initiatives.

104
Q

What is tourism

A

The movement of people to places outside their normal places of work and community, the activities carried out during their holiday, and the facilities created to meet to their needs

105
Q

What are benefits of tourism

A

Foreign currency spent by tourists can be invested in
improving local education, health and other services.

Jobs for local people are created and people can learn new skills in tourism services.

Construction creates jobs and develops skills for local people.

Local infrastructure is improved as water and
sanitation facilities, roads, buses, taxis and airports are provided for tourists.

Visitors get an insight into local customs and traditions.

Tourists see beautiful landscapes, wildlife and plants. They can also be educated about the dangers to fragile ecosystems in the modern world.

106
Q

What are drawbacks of tourism

A

Profits go to foreign companies, such as tour operators and hotel chains, rather than to the local community.

Foreign companies may bring foreign workers to do the skilled jobs; so local people only do low skilled,
poorly paid work.

House prices rise when foreign companies and
investors buy property for hotels and holiday homes.
This often makes houses too expensive for locals.

Important projects for local communities might be side-lined as infrastructure developments are focused on tourists.

If the aim of activities is to entertain, rather than
educate tourists, this may belittle the local people.

Pollution and disruption to wildlife habitats could
occur if tourism isn’t sustainable

Geography (6 decks)

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