The Changing Economic World - Developement

Question 1

What is development?

Answer 1

Development means positive change that makes things better. As a country develops, living standards and quality of life improves

Question 2

What is ‘the development gap’?

Answer 2

Difference between levels of economic development and growth between countries

Question 3

Cycle of poverty - 1) Little money to buy food

Answer 3

1) Little money to buy food ➡ poor nutrition ➡ poor health ➡ little energy to work ➡ low farm yields ➡ low standard of living ➡ Poverty

Question 4

Cycle of poverty - 2) Access to clean water may be a problem

Answer 4

2) Access to clean water may be a problem ➡ Poor health ➡ Little energy to work ➡ low farm yields ➡ low standard of living ➡ Pov

Question 5

Cycle of poverty - 3) Low levels of education

Answer 5

3) Low levels of education ➡ few job opportunities ➡ poor wages ➡ little energy to work ➡ low farm yields v ➡ low standard of living

Question 6

Economic factor definition?

Answer 6

Trade and what is traded

Question 7

Physical factor definition?

Answer 7

How natural conditions contribute to helping a country to become wealthy/ remain poor

Question 8

Historical factor definition?

Answer 8

Slave trade/ colonialism

Question 9

Economic causes of uneven development? Trade

Answer 9

Trade - North America and Europe dominate world trade. They want to pay as little as possible for their raw materials, many of which come from LICS

Question 10

Physical causes of uneven development? landlocked countries

Answer 10

The most landlocked countries on Earth are in Africa. A landlocked country is a country which is only bordered by land. With no access to the seas, a country is cut off from seaborne trade, which is important for economic growth

Question 11

Physical causes of even development? Climate

Answer 11

Tropical Africa, South America and Asia have more climate-related diseases and pests than cooler parts of the world (such as mosquitoes which can spread Malaria). Disease affects the ability of the population to stay healthy enough to work

Question 12

Physical causes of uneven development? Adequate supplies

Answer 12

The lack of adequate supplies of safer water is a barrier to economic development. This effects the ability of the pop to stay healthy enough to work

Question 13

Historical causes of uneven development? Slavery

Answer 13

From 1650 - 1900, over 10 million ppl were transported from Africa to North America to work as slaves on plantations. These ppl were not allowed to remain in their home country and contribute to their own economy

Question 14

Physical causes of uneven development? Extreme Weather

Answer 14

Extreme weather, such as cyclones, droughts, and floods, often hits tropical regions - North Africa is particularly badly affected. An extreme weather season can slow development and it can be costly to repair damaged infrastructure

Question 15

Economic causes of development? Food prices

Answer 15

Food prices fluctuate wildly depending on quality of crops. The price of cocoa has halved since 1990’s due to overproduction. This means that LICS, who rely on farming, don’t receive enough money for their exports to develop

Question 16

Historical causes of development? Power struggles :(

Answer 16

Power struggles took place in newly independent countries, especially if resources like diamonds were at stake. Civil wars broke out and instead of the pop working together, to develop their country, their peeps were fighting each other!!!

Question 17

Historical causes of uneven development? Colonisation

Answer 17

When European countries colonised countries, their conquered people were not allowed to access education. When the DR Congo gained independence from Belgium, they only had 14 uni graduates

Question 18

Methods of classifying countries? HICs

Answer 18

Wealthiest countries in the world, where GNI per head is high and most citizens have a high quality of life. E.g. UK, USA, Canada, France

Question 19

Methods of classifying countries? LICs

Answer 19

Are the poorest countries in the world, where the GNI per capita head very low and most citizens have a low quality of life. E.g. Afghan, Somalia, Uganda, Nepal

Question 20

Methods of classifying countries? NEEs

Answer 20

Are rapidly getting richer, as their economy is moving from being based on primary industry to secondary industry. E.g. China, Brazil, Russia, India, Nigeria

Question 21

Measures of development - Birth rate?

Answer 21

Des: No. of babies born per 1000 ppl per yr. Social measure of development.
Is reliable: YES - reliable bc measure of development as women in a richer country will have less babies as focusing on career

IN HIC IS ⬇, IN LIC IS ⬆

Question 22

Measures of development - Death rate?

Answer 22

Des: No. of deaths per 1000 per year.
Is reliable: Less reliable - Wealthy countries tend to have aging pops. and high death rates. Poor countires have young pops. and so low death rates.

IN HIC IS ⬆, IN LIC IS ⬆

Question 23

⭐ HDI (Human Development Index)

Answer 23

Des: a measure of quality of life. Includes life expectancy, educational attainment and GNI per capita. The nearer to score of 1 the best
Is reliable: Rel - combines indicators at one

IN HIC ⬆, IN LIC ⬇

Question 24

GNI per capita - Gross National Income

Answer 24

Des: (The total value of goods and services produced by a county)/ Total no. of ppl. Measured in $
Is reliable: Shows a average wealth for the country whilst some are very rich and some are some are very poor. Gov may be corrupt

IN HIC IS ⬆, IN LIC IS ⬇

Question 25

Infant mortality rate (per 1000 live births per year)

Answer 25

Des: The number of children who die before age of 1 per live births per 1000. Is rel: Yes shows how good a country's healthcare system is (social). It shows if a country has the technology and the medical professionals to keep ill babies alive; it can show the health of the preggos woman and the care she receives too. IN HIC IS ⬇, IN LIC IS ⬆

Question 26

Literacy rates

Answer 26

Des: /No. of adults who can read and write as %. This is a social measure of development. Is rel: Reliable as high illliteracy rates suggests a s good education system. Education is expensive to provide and staff. Diff between male + female IN HIC IS ⬆, IN LIC IS ⬇

Question 27

Number of doctors per 1000 ppl

Answer 27

des: how many doctors there are is rel: Yes - how much money is invested in healthcare + education IN HIC IS ⬆, IN LIC IS ⬇

Question 28

% pop with access to clean waterrrrr

Answer 28

% of pop who can get clean water for drinking,w ashing ect Reliable: yes - level of infrastructure - drinking dirty water causes diseases - can't work/die - Wasting time getting water IN HIC IS ⬆, IN LIC IS ⬇

Question 29

Consequences of uneven development: LICS - deaths

Answer 29

4 in every 10 deaths are among children under 15 years and 2 in every 10 deaths among ppl aged 70+

Question 30

Consequences of uneven development LICS - childbirth

Answer 30

Complications of childbirth R one of the main causes of death among children <5 years old

Question 31

Consequences of uneven development LICS - Infectious diseases

Answer 31

Infectious diseases are main cause of death: lung infections, HIV/ AIDS, malaria nd TB

Question 32

Consequences of uneven development HICS - deaths

Answer 32

7 in every 10 deaths are amongst people aged 70+

Question 33

Consequences of uneven development HICS- main causes of deaths

Answer 33

Main causes of death: chronic diseases such as heart and lung diseases, cancer, dementia or diabetes

Question 34

Consequences of uneven development HICS - lung infections

Answer 34

Lung infections are the only main cause of infectious death

Question 35

Why causes of deaths are so different between HICS and LICS? - Healthcare - Doctor & Nurses - Research - Treatment & Equipment - Mortality rates - Life expectancy - How to stay healthy - Food and diet - HIV/ AIDS knowledge

Answer 35

- Better healthcare - hospitals, clinics, surgeries, emergency services, ect.. - More doctors and nurses being trained - lower patient per doctor ratio - More research into diseases and more vaccinations - Better treatment, better equipment and better quality training - Lower IMR, lower maternal mortality rates and lower death rates - Longer life expectancy - More knowledge on how to stay healthy - Better quality food and diet - More knowledgeable on how to protect HIV/ AIDS and malaria

Question 36

The Demographic Transition Model

Answer 36

- The DTM is a graph that shows change over time in the pop. of a country - It is based on the changes that took place in the western countries like UK

Question 37

Stage 1 of DTM?

Answer 37

- High birth rate - High death rate - Both fluctuate bc of war, disease and famine slow pop = steady growth E.G. TRADITIONAL RAINFOREST TRIBAL GROUPS

Question 38

Stage 2 of DTM?

Answer 38

- High br - Death rate decreases - Pop growth has increased E.G. AFGHANISTAN

Question 39

Stage 3 of DTM?

Answer 39

- Falling BR - rapid fall - Death rate continued to fall but more slowly - Total pop is still increasing but not as rapidly E.G. Brazil, India, kenya

Question 40

Stage 4 of DTM?

Answer 40

- low birth rate - Low death rate - Steady and slow pop growth E.G. UK, USA

Question 41

Stage 5 of DTM?

Answer 41

- Death rate has increased slightly - aging pop - Low birth rate still - Total pop starts to decrease E.G. Japan, France

Question 42

Stage 1 of pop pyramid: High stationary

Answer 42

- High birth rate, - rapi fall in each upward age group due to to high death rates; - short life expectancy looks like a sorry triangle bc stage 1 still developing

Question 43

Stage 2 of pop pyramid: Early expanding

Answer 43

- High birth rate; - fall in death rate as more living in middle age: - slightly longer life expectancy 2 firm triangle bc 2 is my lucky number

Question 44

Stage 3 of pop pyramid: Late Expanding

Answer 44

- Declining death rate; - low death rate; - more ppl living to old age fat hill - middle pregnancy bc stage 3 of 5

Question 45

Stage 4 of pop pyramid: Low stationary

Answer 45

- Low br; - low death rate; - higher dependency ratio; - longer life expectancy Hill but curved inwards at bottom like ice lolly - stage 4 bc 4 ice lollies in pack

Question 46

Stage 5 of pop pyramid: Contracting/ declining

Answer 46

- Br below death rate - Pop declining - Increasing old age dependency - Pyramid is top heavy Waving pentagon - stage 5 bc pentagon has sides!!!!

Question 47

TNC (Transnational companies)/ multinational companies definition

Answer 47

A company that opeares in more than one country. E.G. Apple, Nike, Adidas, Coca Cola

Question 48

Infrastructure def?

Answer 48

The basic equipment, structures and services (roads, water supplies, schools) that are needed for a country to function

Question 49

Industrial development def?

Answer 49

When countries move from mainly farming and living in rural areas, to working in factories and to living in urban areas

Question 50

Primary products definition?

Answer 50

A product up of natural raw materials - an unmanufactured product

Question 51

Commodity definition?

Answer 51

A raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and SOLD, such as coffee

Question 52

Secondary products def?

Answer 52

Manufactured and assembled and involves converting raw materials into components, for example, making plastics from oil

Question 53

IMF?

Answer 53

International Monetary Food | Issues loans to countries that are in need

Question 54

NGO - Non- Governmental organisations

Answer 54

- Charities e.g. Oxfam A non-profit organisation that operates independently of any gov, typically one whose purpose is to deal with social or political issue

Question 55

⭐ Intermediate tech

Answer 55

Combines sophisticated ideas with cheap and readily available materials. Tech suitable for use in eveloping countries, typically making use of locally available resources

Question 56

Tariffs def

Answer 56

Are used to restrict imports by increasing the price of goods and services purchased from overseas and makes them more expensive

Question 57

Quotas def?

Answer 57

Limits the no. of good that can be imported or exported during a particular period

Question 58

WTO - World Trade Organisation def?

Answer 58

Deals with the rules of trade between nations. Attempts to make trade beneficial for all countries

Question 59

Agricultural subsidy def?

Answer 59

A payment made to farmers and agribusinesses to add to their income and is used to manage supply, and therefore the price of farm products

Question 60

Microfinance loans def?

Answer 60

Micro - small scale | Very small loans that are given to ppl in LICS to help them to start a small business

Question 61

HIPC - Highly Indebted Poor Countries def ?

Answer 61

A group of 37 countries with high levels of poverty and debt which are eligible for special assistance. They are mainly African countries, but also asian and south american

Question 62

Reducing the development gap (Investment)- Why do countries and TNC's make investments

Answer 62

.. In LICS to increase their profits

Question 63

Reducing the development gap (Investment) - What are the three types of investment

Answer 63

3 types of investment are? - The development of infrastructure (water, roads, electricity) - The construction of dams to provide electricity - Improv,ents to harbours and ports - The development of new industries

Question 64

Reducing the development gap (Investment) - How can investment support a countries development?

Answer 64

Investment can help support a country's development by providing employment and income from abroad. As economies grow, poverty decreases and education improves.

Question 65

Reducing the development gap (Investment) - What is the difference between loan and investment?

Answer 65

A loan is simply the provision of money with agreed terms of repayment.

Question 66

Reducing the development gap (Investment) - Describe how Chinese investments have helped develop Africa?

Answer 66

bc more than 2000 Chinese companies have invested billions of $, maily in energy, mining, construction, and manufacturing - invested in a power plant in Zimbabwe , hydro-electricity in Madagascar and railway construction in Sudan.

Question 67

Reducing the development gap (Industrial Development) Describe how industrial development can create a multiplier effect?

Answer 67

1) Factory creates employment for workers and tax for Gov ➡ 2) Money can be invested in schools, roads and services such as water and health care ➡ Pop. becomes better educated and healthier ➡ Oppors. for new investment such as supply industries, shops and community facilities ➡ 1)

Question 68

Reducing the development gap (Industrial Development) - Describe how industrial development has helped to develop Malaysia?

Answer 68

due to development of its natural resources like oil, gas, palm oil (MIXED ECONOMY, TERTIARY) . Made using foreign investment to exploit these resources from primary to secondary) and develop a thriving manufacturing sector,

Question 69

Reducing the development gap (Aid) - What is aid?

Answer 69

Aid is when a country or NGO such as Oxfam donates resources to another country to help it develop or improve ppl's lives.

Question 70

Reducing the development gap (Aid) - What are the 4 forms of aid and how can each help a country develop?

Answer 70

4 forms of aid are: - Money (grants, loans) - Emergency supplies (tents, medicine) - Food such as rice or wheat tech ( tools or machinery) - Skills (people with special skills such as doctors or engineers)

Question 71

Reducing the development gap (Aid) - Why is UK aid important for Pakistan?

Answer 71

in 2013 aid was spent mainly in the education centre and to reduce hunger and poverty.

Question 72

Reducing the development gap (Aid) - What is 'Goat Aid' and how does it help to improve quality of life and raise the level of development?

Answer 72

Goat Aid Oxfam is a project set up to help families in African countries. It helps to improve quality of life as money donated is used to buy a family a goat, produces butter, milk, meat. Has advantages for local communities: - Goats are excellent source of food (milky meat) - manure can be used as crop fertiliser - sell/ eat - milk can be sold as a source of income to pay for food, education - Reproduce very quickly - sell goats for money pass one down to other needy families

Question 73

Reducing the development gap (Intermediate Technology) - What is Intermediate Tech and how can IT reduce the development gap?

Answer 73

IT is sustainable tech that is APPROPRIATE to the needs, skills, knowledge and wealth of local ppl. It must be sustainable for environment + must not put ppl out of work Can reduce development gap as takes form of small-scale projects ofetn associated with agriculture, water or hslth. These incolve locl communities and can make a differenrce to people's quality of life?

Question 74

Reducing the development gap (Intermediate Tech) - How is it used in Ethiopia?

Answer 74

as a small dam was built to create a reservoir cloe to teh village's fields. Appro. machinery and money were given and village provided the labour.

Question 75

Reducing the development gap (Fair Trade) - Why and how does trade benefit richer countries more than poorer countries?

Answer 75

as richer countrie are more powerful enough to protect their trade using 2 main systems: - Tariffs on imports - imported goods more expersive and less attractive than home - grown goods - Quotas - are usually applied to primary products so they affect mainly poorer countries.

Question 76

Reducing the development gap (Fair Trade) - What is fair trade?

Answer 76

Fair trade seeks to reduce the development gap by improving the quality of life for the ordinary farmers. It helps to ensuree the produces in poorer countries get a air deal + certain amount of money for crops

Question 77

Reducing the development gap (Fair Trade) - Why do agricultural subsidies help richer countries more than poorer countries?

Answer 77

1 of the main barriers to trade is agricultural subsidies. This is financual support from the govs to help their farmers. Rich countries can afford to pay their subsidis and so their products are cheaper than those produced by poorer countries

Question 78

Reducing the development gap (Fair Trade) - Describe how Ugandan farmers benefit from fair trade?

Answer 78

bc farmers earn extra income from the Fairtrade premium

Question 79

Reducing the development gap (Debt Relief) - Why do countries get into debt?

Answer 79

In 1970's and 80's many poorer countries built up debt by borrowing money to develop their economies by investing in their industry, manufacturing, and infrastructure. Low commodity prices reduced the value of their exports and high oil prices increased the price of imports.

Question 80

Reducing the development gap (Debt Relief) - What is debt relief and what do countries need to do to benefit from debt relief?

Answer 80

Debt relief is when debts are cancelled. To qualify for debt relief, countries had to: - demonstrate they could manage their own finances - Show there was no corruption in their Gov - Agree to spend the saved debt money on education, healthcare, and reducing poverty

Question 81

Reducing the development gap (Debt Relief) - How can debt relief reduce the development gap?

Answer 81

as the debt pf the 39 poorest countries

Question 82

Reducing the development gap (Debt Relief) - What problems can debt relief create?

Answer 82

debts are either reorganised to make them more manageable, or reduced so country can invest in itself

Question 83

Reducing the development gap (Microfinance) - What is microfinance and how does it help to reduce the development gap?

Answer 83

A small scale loan that they will pay back and can set up businesses with.

Question 84

Reducing the development gap (Microfinance) - What is the Grameen Bank and how does it help Bangladesh

Answer 84

Gives out small scale loans to help people set up businesses

Question 85

Tourism - The pos multiplier effect of tourism

Answer 85

New hotel opens ➡ local busineeses provide important services of rthe hotel e.g. Farmers grow food for the resteraunt and taxt divers drive ppl to the hotel. ➡ Local businesses expand and more jobs created ➡ The Gov is able to raise more taxes from higher wages and profits ➡ More money can be invesed into social imrovements such as betetr equipped schools, and more modern hospitals ➡ Quality of life and standard of living improves Hotel employs local ppl, tourists arrive with money ➡ Staff spend their wages in other local businesses such as bars, shops, and resteraunts along with tourists ➡ local busi benefit from more customers ➡ Local businesses expand and more jobs are created ➡ The Gov is able to raise more taxes from higher wages and profits ➡ More money can be invesed into social imrovements such as betetr equipped schools, and more modern hospitals ➡ Quality of life and standard of living improves