THE CHEMICAL BASIS OF LIFE

Question 1

study of matter

including:
- * Structure of atoms
* Basic chemical building blocks
* How atoms combine to form increasingly complex structures

Answer 1

Chemistry

Question 2

Anything that takes up space and has mass
- Made up of atoms

Answer 2

Matter

Question 3

3 Subatomic particles

Answer 3

• Protons
• Positive charge
• Neutrons
• Neutral
• Electrons
• Negative charge

Question 4

Number of protons

Answer 4

Atomic number

Question 5

Contains protons and neutrons

• surrounded by electrons

Answer 5

Nucleus

Question 6

Spherical area that contains electrons

Answer 6

Electron cloud

Question 7

Two-dimensional representation of electron cloud

Answer 7

Electron shell

Question 8

made up of protons and neutrons located in a central nucleus

Answer 8

atom

Question 9

substance that consists of only one type or kind of atom.

Answer 9

Element

Question 10

outermost shell of any atom
- it determines bonding

Answer 10

valence shell

Question 10

chemical reactivity of an atom is determined by its

Answer 10

electronegativity

Question 11

Three major types of chemical bonds

Answer 11

1. Ionic bonds
2. Covalent bonds
3. Hydrogen bonds

Question 12

Involve sharing, gaining, and losing electrons

Answer 12

Chemical bonds

Question 13

are attractions between cations (positive ions) and anions (negative ions)

Answer 13

Ionic bonds

Question 14

One atom-the electron donor-loses one or more electrons and becomes a

Answer 14

cation

Question 15

Another atom-the electron acceptor-gains those same electrons and becomes an

Answer 15

anion

Question 16

Strong bonds involving shared electrons

Answer 16

Covalent bonds

Question 17

Sharing one pair of electrons is a

Answer 17

single covalent bond

Question 18

2 types of covalent bonds

Answer 18

• Nonpolar covalent bonds
• Polar covalent bonds

Question 19

Equal sharing of electron pairs

Answer 19

Nonpolar covalent bonds

Question 20

Unequal sharing of electron pairs

Answer 20

Polar covalent bond

Question 21

weak type of force that forms special type of dipole-dipole attraction between molecules

Answer 21

Hydrogen Bonds

Question 22

two or more atoms chemically combined to form a structure that behaves as an independent unit

Answer 22

Molecule

Question 23

two or more different types of atoms chemically combined.

Answer 23

Compound

Question 24

is the separation of ions in an ionic compound by polar water molecules.

Answer 24

Dissociation

Question 25

the combination of reactants to form a new, larger product. Forms chemical bonds

Answer 25

synthesis reaction

Question 26

the breakdown of larger reactants into smaller products. Breaks chemical bonds

Answer 26

decomposition reaction

Question 27

a combination of a decomposition reaction and a synthesis reaction, in which the products of the decomposition reaction recombine

Answer 27

exchange reaction

Question 28

reactants can form products, or the products can form reactants the amount of reactant relative to the amount of product is constant at equilibrium.

Answer 28

reversible reaction

Question 29

stored energy that could do work

Answer 29

Potential energy

Question 29

the capacity to do work

Answer 29

Energy

Question 30

does work by causing the movement of an object

Answer 30

kinetic energy

Question 31

Energy exists in chemical honds as

Answer 31

potential energy

Question 32

can be neither created nor destroyed, but one type of energy can be changed into another

Answer 32

Energy

Question 33

must be added in reactions when the products contain more potential energy than the reactants.

Answer 33

Energy

Question 34

the amount of energy needed to start a reaction

Answer 34

Activation energy

Question 35

are protein catalysts that lower the activation energy of reactions

Answer 35

Enzymes

Question 36

regulate chemical reactions (enzymes)

Answer 36

Proteins

Question 37

building blocks of proteins are

Answer 37

amino acids

Question 38

Accounts for up to two-thirds of total body weight

Answer 38

Water (H₂O)

Question 39

Interact with water

Answer 39

Hydrophilic

Question 40

Do not interact with water

Answer 40

Hydrophobic

Question 41

2 water compounds

Answer 41

Hydrophilic and hydrophobic

Question 42

is a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions solution

Answer 42

pH (potential of hydrogen)

Question 42

More H+ ions means

Answer 42

lower pH

Question 43

fewer H+ ions means

Answer 43

higher pH

Question 43

Has an inverse relationship with H+ concentration

Answer 43

pH scale

Question 44

normal/neutral pH solution

Answer 44

7.0

Question 45

higher than 7.0 - Low H+ concentration - High OH- concentration

Answer 45

Basic (or alkaline) solution

Question 46

pH of human blood

Answer 46

Ranges from 7.35 to 7.45

Question 46

lower than 7.0 - High H+ concentration - Low OH- concentration

Answer 46

Acidic solution

Question 47

proton acceptors

Answer 47

Bases

Question 48

proton (H') donors

Answer 48

Acids

Question 49

forms when an acid reacts with a base

Answer 49

Salts

Question 50

chemicals that resist changes in pH when acids or bases are added

Answer 50

Buffers