THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS

Question 1

produced in the reaction of an
acid with a base

Answer 1

Salt

Question 2

form ions when dissolved in
water and thus produce solutions that
conduct electricity

Answer 2

Electolytes

Question 3

ionize essentially
completely

Answer 3

Strong electrolytes

Question 4

ionize only partially

Answer 4

Weak Electrolytes

Question 5

proposed independently a
theory of acid/base behavior that is
particularly useful in analytical chemistry.

Answer 5

J. N. Brønsted (Denmark) & J. M. Lowry
(England)

Question 6

Proton theory of acid and base

Answer 6

Brønsted-Lowry Theory

Question 7

a substance that donates
protons

Answer 7

Acid

Question 8

a substance that accepts
protons

Answer 8

Base

Question 9

The species forms
when an acid loses a proton

Answer 9

Conjugate Base

Question 10

The species formed
when a base accepts a proton.

Answer 10

Conjugate Acid

Question 11

completely
dissociated into HSO4
– and H3O+ ions and
for this reason is classified as a strong
analyte

Answer 11

Sulfuric Acid (H₂SO₄)

Question 12

conjugate base of the acid
HNO2

Answer 12

Nitrite ion

Question 13

conjugated acid of
water is hydrated proton written as H3O+

Answer 13

Hydronium ion

Question 14

Strong Classification of Electrolytes

Answer 14

1. Most Salts
2. Alkali and alkalineearth hydroxide

Question 15

Weak Classification of Electrolytes

Answer 15

1. Most organic acids
2. most organic gases and ammonia

Question 16

when an acid and a
base react to form water and a salt and
involves the combination of H+ ions and
OH- ions to generate water.

Answer 16

Neutralization reaction: ( acid1 + base2 ⇌
base1 + acid2 )

Question 17

an ion that bears both a
positive and a negative charge.

Answer 17

Zwitterion

Question 18

can act as either an acid or as a
base

Answer 18

Water

Question 19

behave as acids in
the presence of basic solutes and bases
in the presence of acidic solutes.

Answer 19

Amphiprotic solvents

Question 20

– involves
the spontaneous reaction of molecules of
a substance to give a pair of ions

Answer 20

Autoprotolysis (autoionization)

Question 21

are those who reacts with
water completel

Answer 21

Strong acids

Question 22

those who do not
completely react with water.

Answer 22

Weak acids

Question 23

the ratio
of concentrations of reactants and
products is constant

Answer 23

Chemical Equilibrium

Question 24

a system at equilibrium that represents a dynamic state in which two opposing processes are taking
place at the same time and at the same rate

Answer 24

Chemical Equilibrium

Question 25

Chemical Equilib Formula

Answer 25

K= products / reactant

Question 26

are algebraic equations that describe the concentration relationships that exist among reactants and products at equilibrium.

Answer 26

Equilibrium-constant expressions (K)

Question 27

reactions that proceeds forward (→) and backward (←).

Answer 27

Reversible Reactions (⇌)

Question 28

independent of the route by which equilibrium is reached

Answer 28

Position of a chemical equilibrium

Question 29

a shift in the position of an equilibrium caused by adding one of the reactants or products to a system

Answer 29

Mass-action effect

Question 30

states that the position of an equilibrium always shifts in such a direction as to relieve a stress that is applied to the system

Answer 30

Le Châtelier principle

Question 31

a branch of chemical science that deals with the flow of heat and energy in chemical reactions

Answer 31

Thermodynamics

Question 32

FACTORS AFFECTING CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM

Answer 32

1. Nature of reactants 2. Frequency & efficiency of collisions 3. Surface Area Exposed 4. Concentration 5. Pressure 6. Temperature 7. Catalyst

Question 33

This principle states that if a system is disturbed, the equilibrium condition is upset and a reaction tends to proceed in the direction just to eliminate or minimize the change

Answer 33

LE CHATELIER’S PRINCIPLE

Question 34

describes the elements whether active or inactive

Answer 34

Nature of reactants

Question 35

The speed of a chemical reaction also depends on how often the molecules or ions of the reactants collide with one another

Answer 35

Frequency & efficiency of collisions

Question 36

This is carried out by the large space occupied by the material

Answer 36

Surface Area Exposed

Question 37

one or more of the reactants is increased, the forward reaction will speed up momentarily until a new position at equilibrium is reached

Answer 37

Concentration

Question 38

significantly affect the reaction rate only when one or more of the reactants or products is a gas.

Answer 38

Pressure

Question 39

are more energetic and have more kinetic energy, thus their collisions are more likely to result in a reaction

Answer 39

Temperature

Question 40

a substance that influences the speed of a reaction

Answer 40

Catalyst

Question 41

Heat can be considered as one of the reactants. An increase in temperature would cause a shift to the right.

Answer 41

ENDOTHERMIC

Question 42

Heat can be considered as one of the products, the equilibrium will shift to the left in order to relieve the stress on the system

Answer 42

EXOTHERMIC

Question 43

Equilibrium Constant (Keq)

Answer 43

equal to the product of the concentration of the products of the substance formed at equilibrium divided by the product of the concentration of the reactants, each concentration raised to a power which is the same as the coefficient of the substance in the chemical equation

Question 44

Law of Mass Actions

Answer 44

states that the rate of a chemical reaction is proportional to the concentration of the reacting species

Question 45

has the value of 1.008 x 10-14 but we shall use the approximation that at room temperature Kw ≈ 1.00 x 10^-14

Answer 45

Ion-Product Constant for Water (Kw)

Question 46

water that contains one or more dissolved substance

Answer 46

Aqueous Solution

Question 47

are essentially completely dissolved in saturated aqueous solution

Answer 47

Solubility-Product constant (Ksp)

Question 48

Common-ion Effect

Answer 48

a mass-action effect predicted from the Le Châtelier principle

Question 49

Constant Ka

Answer 49

the acid dissociation constant

Question 50

Constant Kb

Answer 50

the base dissociation constant