The Chemical Industry(CI)

Question 1

What are the oxides of nitrogen?

Answer 1

Nitrogen monoxide, nitrogen dioxide and dinitrogen oxide

Question 2

What is the formula of the oxides of nitrogen?

Answer 2

Nitrogen monoxide~NO
Nitrogen dioxide~NO2
Dinitrogen oxide~N2O

Question 3

How is nitrogen monoxide formed?

Answer 3

• Reaction between nitrogen and oxygen from the air combusting in an engine under high temperatures
• Thunderstorms
• Denitrifying bacteria in soil

Question 4

What does nitrogen monoxide look like?

Answer 4

A colourless gas

Question 5

How is nitrogen dioxide formed?

Answer 5

The oxidation of nitrogen monoxide in the air

Question 6

What does nitrogen dioxide look like?

Answer 6

Brown gas

Question 7

How is dinitrogen oxide formed?

Answer 7

When oxygen is low, anaerobic bacteria reduces nitrate ions

Question 8

What does nitrogen oxide look like?

Answer 8

A colourless gas

Question 9

What are the nitrate ions?

Answer 9

Nitrate(III) and Nitrate(V)

Question 10

If a rate of reaction doubles when the concentration of reactant doubles, what is the order with respect to the reactant?

Answer 10

1st order

Question 11

If a rate of reaction doubles when the concentration of reactant quadruples, what is the order with respect to the reactant?

Answer 11

2nd order

Question 12

If you double a reactant’s concentration and the rate stays the same, what is the order of the reactant?

Answer 12

0 order

Question 13

What is rate constant?

Answer 13

The number of frequent succesful collisions in a reaction per second

Question 14

What is meant by half-life?

Answer 14

The time taken for half of the concentration of reactant to be used up

Question 15

If the half-lives of a reaction remain constant, what is the order of the reaction?

Answer 15

1st order

Question 16

If a substance is in the chemical equation but not the rate equation, is it a part of the RDS?

Answer 16

It isn’t involved in the RDS

Question 17

If a substance is in the chemical equation and the rate equation, is it a part of the RDS?

Answer 17

It is involved in the RDS

Question 18

What are raw materials

Answer 18

The staring point for any industrial chemical process

Question 19

What is feedstock

Answer 19

The reactants which go into a chemical process

Question 20

What is a co-product?

Answer 20

A product which has a useful purpose produced alongside the expected product

Question 21

What is a by-product?

Answer 21

A product formed in an unwanted reaction, which has no useful purpose

Question 22

What are fixed costs?

Answer 22

Costs which are incurred by the company despite the amount of product produced

Question 23

What are variable costs?

Answer 23

Costs which relate specifically to the unit of production

Question 24

What is a hazard?

Answer 24

The potential that a hazardous substance has to cause harm

Question 25

What is a risk?

Answer 25

The likelihood the hazardous substance will cause harm

Question 26

What are five ways of following the rate of a reaction?

Answer 26

1. pH measurement 2. gas volume 3. loss of mass 4. colour change 5. titration

Question 27

What is reaction rate?

Answer 27

The change in the amount of reactants or products per unit time

Question 28

How do you calculate the inital rate of a reaction?

Answer 28

amount of reactant used or product formed/time

Question 29

How do you calculate the inital rate from a graph?

Answer 29

Draw a tangent at t=0 and meausre its gradient

Question 30

Give a natural source of NO in the atmosphere

Answer 30

Nitrogen and oxygen reacting in lightning

Question 31

Give a human source of nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere

Answer 31

Burning fuel in vehicle engine