The Chemistry of Living Things Test Review

Question 1

Hydrogen Bond

Answer 1

A weak type of chemical link between a negatively charged atom and a hydrogen atom that is bonded to another negatively charged atom

Question 2

Cohesion

Answer 2

The attraction of two like materials

Question 3

Adhesion

Answer 3

The attraction of two different materials

Question 4

Surface Tension

Answer 4

A measure of the enhanced intermolecular forces at the surface of a liquid

Question 5

Solvent

Answer 5

The substance that dissolves another substance

Question 6

Acid

Answer 6

A molecule or ion that has the ability to either donate a proton or hydrogen ion H+, or form a covalent bond with an electron pair

Question 7

Base

Answer 7

A substance with a pH greater than 7; will increase the concentration of hydroxide ions in solution

Question 8

Buffer

Answer 8

A substance that minimizes changes in pH when a strong acid or base is added to a solution

Question 9

Dehydration Synthesis

Answer 9

Monomers combine to form polymers; in the process of forming bonds, water molecules are released

Question 10

Hydrolysis

Answer 10

Polymers are broken down into building blocks; the addition of water is necessary to break the bonds of the polymer

Question 11

Activation Energy

Answer 11

Energy needed to get a reaction started

Question 12

Catalyst

Answer 12

Substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering activation energy

Question 13

Active Site

Answer 13

On enzymes, site of the reaction; only molecules that fit the site can be catalyzed

Question 14

Substrate

Answer 14

Reactants that interact with and are catalyzed by enzymes

Question 15

Glycogen

Answer 15

Short-term energy storage molecule in animals

Question 16

Amylose

Answer 16

Long-term energy storage molecule in plants

Question 17

Enzyme

Answer 17

Proteins that regulate chemical reactions in cells

Question 18

What does the property of polarity mean?

Answer 18

The ends of the molecules have different charges

Question 19

pH value for acid

Answer 19

0

Question 20

pH value for base (alkaline)

Answer 20

14

Question 21

pH value for neutral

Answer 21

7

Question 22

How do buffers enable living things organisms to maintain pH?

Answer 22

Buffers in the blood act to neutralize acids and bases that threaten to change the body’s pH level

Question 23

What are two ways in which carbon varies from other elements?

Answer 23

Four bonds allow several different atoms to attach to one C atom, and C bonding to C atoms unusual; when it happens, it allows large, complex molecules to be built

Question 24

What macromolecule’s shape and function can be drastically altered if temp or pH of the solution it is dissolved in are altered?

Answer 24

Enzyme

Question 25

Polar Covalent Bond

Answer 25

A chemical bond between two atoms that unequally share electrons between them

Question 26

How does water's cohesiveness affect living things?

Answer 26

Cohesion helps water travel from the roots upward in plants

Question 27

How does water's adhesiveness affect living things?

Answer 27

Adhesion allows water to stick to cell walls in plants

Question 28

How is frozen water's density important for living things?

Answer 28

If ice would sink, there would be no suitable liquid water underneath to house aquatic life

Question 29

How is water's high specific heat important to living things?

Answer 29

Water inside the cells of an organism can absorb and release heat while maintaining fairly stable temperatures within the organism

Question 30

Lipid Monomers

Answer 30

Glycerol and fatty acids

Question 31

Lipid Polymers

Answer 31

No name

Question 32

Nucleic Acid Monomers

Answer 32

Nucleotides

Question 33

Nucleic Acid Polymers

Answer 33

Nucleic acids

Question 34

Carbohydrate Monomers

Answer 34

Monosaccharides

Question 35

Carbohydrate Polymers

Answer 35

Disaccharides (2), Polysaccharides

Question 36

Protein Monomers basic name

Answer 36

Amino acids (20 types)

Question 37

Protein Polymers

Answer 37

Polypeptides

Question 38

Example molecules of carbohydrates

Answer 38

Mono- glucose Di- sucrose, lactose, Poly- glycogen, cellulose, amylose

Question 39

Example molecules of lipids

Answer 39

Composes of monomers- glycerol, fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids Not- sterols and steroids

Question 40

Example molecules of proteins

Answer 40

Structural- collagen, keratin, melanin Functional- enzymes, hemoglobin, antibodies, actin, myosin, cell membrane proteins

Question 41

Example molecules of nucleic acids

Answer 41

DNA and RNA

Question 42

Function of nucleic acids

Answer 42

Hereditary information

Question 43

Functions of proteins

Answer 43

Forms bones, muscles, hair and nails -Regulate chemical reactions in cells -Transport materials -Immunity -Direct cell processes -Movement

Question 44

Functions of Lipids

Answer 44

Structural support for cells -direct cell processes -specific to animals: triglycerides- long-term energy storage, cushion organs, insulate bodies

Question 45

Functions of carbohydrates

Answer 45

Mono and Di- broken down for immediate energy in all organisms -break down directly for usable energy -get converted to glucose when energy is needed Poly- glycogen is hydrolyzed to release glucose for energy during activity in animals -amylose is hydrolyzed to release glucose for energy in plants

Question 46

How are nucleic acids and proteins related to each other?

Answer 46

DNA and RNA are both nucleic acids. DNA provides the instructions assembling proteins and RNA determines how they should be assembled. Nucleic acids are responsible for creating and telling what functions proteins should do.

Question 47

What do enzymes do to the rate of a chemical reaction when they are added?

Answer 47

They speed it up

Question 48

What is represented by the arrows in the tall bumps on a reaction graph?

Answer 48

Activation energy

Question 49

Enzyme-Catalyzed reactions

Answer 49

Require less energy so the bump on the graph is smaller

Question 50

What conditions/ factors can affect the function of enzymes?

Answer 50

Temperature, pH, the concentration of the substrate, and the concentration of the enzyme

Question 51

What is the pH of the stomach?

Answer 51

4

Question 52

What is the pH of the small intestine?

Answer 52

9

Question 53

How many different kinds of substrate can one enzyme react with?

Answer 53

1 type because the enzyme's active site only fits a specific substrate that it is meant to react with