The Circulatory system Flashcards by Lee Ballard

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The Aorta has __ parts and many ________ which supplies the whole body

branches

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4 parts of the Aorta

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The elastic recoil of the aorta’s elastic walls helps to maintain ______________ during the __________ of the heart (______).

blood pressure

rest period

diastole

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Veins “______” a territory (e.g. the renal veins _____ the kidneys)

drain x 2

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What is Sympathetic tone?

Background, low level of contraction of smooth muscle in arterioles

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An end artery is the _____ arterial blood supply to a given area of the body (there are no collaterals)

only

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When speaking in terms of Arteries, distal means?

away from heart

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normal lymph nodes cannot usually be _________ (felt beneath the examining doctors fingertips)

palpated

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Anastomoses provide ____________ for blood to flow to supply the cells distal to an _____________ (blockage)

alternative routes

arterial occlusion

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Where are the tight junctions in the Blood brain barrier?

between brain capillary endothelial cells

(brain capillaries are not leaky)

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The Carotid body (also supplied by ______) monitors _______________

CN IX

blood gas levels/pH

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Veins have merging _________ (like a river)

tributaries

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Infarction means ___________ due to ______ (lack of oxygen) caused by loss of _________ supply

irreversible cell death

hypoxia

arterial blood

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One disadvantage of collaterals is that

they will bleed from both sides of a cut

so haemorrhage can be worse

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The Carotid sinus is Innervated by the _____________ nerve (_____)

glossopharyngeal

CN IX

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Veins have a ___________ flow i.e. not “pumped” by the heart (the exception being the ________ Pulse)

Non-pulsatile

Jugular Venous

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Venous blood is “pumped” back towards the heart by:

– venous valves, present in limb veins to ensure unidirectional flow back to the heart against gravity

– Contraction of skeletal muscles in the lower limb (“skeletal muscle pump”)

– Accompanying veins run in pairs or more with an artery in a sheath. (Artery pulsation pushes venous blood along)

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What is Vasconstriction?

Contraction of smooth muscle to reduce blood flow to the organ/tissue supplied

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Where are the astrocytes in the Blood brain barrier?

(support cell) it’s processes surround the brain capillaries

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What causes Sympathetic tone?

The tonic (continuous) conduction of action potentials to arterioles by sympathetic nerves

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Arterial flow is “_______” due to cardiac pump – (Can take the “pulse” by ________ an artery against _____)

pulsatile

compressing

bone

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Why do arteries often run a “tortuous” (snake-like) “course”

helps to prevent over-stretching/tearing

Arteries are often named (usually on _______ location or \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_)

anatomical destination

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ in the walls of arterioles (& some arteries called muscular arteries) can _______ to _______ the vessel’s lumen:

Smooth muscle contract narrow

Untreated ________ of an end artery results in ___________ of its territory

occlusion infarction

The Blood Brain Barrier contains?

Tight Junctions Astrocytes

How can you limit blood loss at the scene of an injury?

by pressing on a pulse point proximal to the injury

At rest the bodies veins contain \_\_\_\_\_\_% of the _______________ volume

60-80 circulating blood

What does Trifircation mean?

Splits into 3

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ outflow travel to ___________ chains running the length of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Thoracolumbar sympathetic vertebral column

The Circulatory System (Cardiovascular System + Lymphatic system)

What is Vasodilation?

Relaxation of the smooth muscle and widening of the lumen to increase blood flow to the organ/tissue supplied

Only __ to __ segments of the spinal cord pass into all spinal nerves (anterior and posterior rami) They ‘\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_’ Supply: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Pass into ___________ to eventually supply organs

T1 to L2 Hitch a ride sweat glands arrector muscles arterioles splanchnic nerves

Sympathetic tone

When speaking in terms of Arteries, proximal means?

Close to the heart

The Carotid Sinus is the most ________ part of the ________ carotid artery

proximal internal

In the case of the brain, Anastomoses can help to prevent a ___________ accident (\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_)

cerebrovascular CVA/Stroke

Arteries are usually located ______ than veins (helps _______ chance of more serious haemorrhage)

deeper reduce

Lymphatics carry lymph through \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

lymph nodes

Arteries give rise to “\_\_\_\_\_\_\_” – To supply their “\_\_\_\_\_\_\_”

branches territory

Why are there usually more severe consequences of haemorrhage from an artery than an equivalent sized vein?

High intraluminal pressures Carries oxygenated blood (“arterial blood”) Flow is “pulsatile” due to cardiac pump

Elastic fibres permit ________ of the aorta to accommodate the _______________________________ (\_\_\_\_\_\_) and ________ the pressure change.

expansion blood forced into it during cardiac contraction systole minimise

All the systemic arterial blood enters the _____ first Receives blood at high pressure during ______ (when the heart beats) Its elastic walls ______ under this pressure Elastic recoil maintains _________ flow when the heart ________ (during diastole)

aorta systole expand peripheral relaxes

Veins contain ____________ blood (\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ blood)

Deoxygenated venous

The Vascular System

The BBB is weakend by?

brain injury inflammation neoplasia

What does Bifircation mean?

Splits into 2

Arteries have _________________ (\>120/80mmHg)

high intraluminal pressures

Veins are a ____ pressure system

Low

Veins contain a thin layer of __________ in their walls. These can _______ to _______ venous capacity and return blood to the arterial side of the circulation (e.g. in haemorrhage)

smooth muscle contract reduce

Lymphatic capillaries collect _________ (the fluid that normally leaks out when blood flows through capillary beds)

tissue fluid

a doctor needs to know the ____________ that ______ takes when draining from an ______ towards the __________ or __________ so that they can assess whether the ________ along that route have become involved by any ________ process affecting the organ

anatomical route lymph organ right lymphatic thoracic ducts lymph nodes disease

Carotid sinus senses ___________ (\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_) by detecting ________ of the walls of the carotid sinus (i.e. beat to beat changes in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_)

blood pressure baroreceptor stretching arterial blood pressure

In the head and neck, ___________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ axons travel along \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

postganglionic sympathetic arteries

Lymph nodes contain ___________ to filter out foreign particles and fight \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_)

white blood cells infection/cancer

Once in the lymphatic capillaries the tissue fluid is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

lymph

Each alternative route in any given anastomosis is called a “\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_”

collateral

Veins often run in a _____________ with arteries of the same names

neurovascular bundle (NVB)

Arteries are often part of a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, consisting of an \_\_\_\_\_, _____ and \_\_\_\_\_\_.

neurovascular bundle artery vein nerve

Eventually lymph is returned into the ________ in the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

central veins root of the neck

What is a territory in regards to Arteries?

the body region/organ supplied by an artery & its branches

Lymph nodes fighting ________ or being taken over by a spreading ________ usually ________ and can then be ________ or seen on a ______ scan.

infection cancer enlarge palpated CT

Arteries connect with each other ______ an intervening capillary network

without

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is an important example of an “anastomosis”

Circle of Willis

Arteries carry ________ blood (“\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ blood”)

oxygenated arterial

The Carotid sinus is an excellent place to monitor the blood supply to?

The Brain

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are found in the walls of the \_\_\_\_\_\_, most ______ (nearest to the heart) arteries (e.g. the aorta)

Elastic fibres largest proximal

Two Neuron Chain

Arteriolar ____________________ can help to _____________ following an injury (the vessel is said to be in “\_\_\_\_\_”)

smooth muscle contraction reduce blood loss spasm

What two terms indicate that the named artery will definitely divide again?

“trunk” (e.g. celiac trunk) “common” (e.g. common iliac artery)

What effect do tight junctions and astrocytes have in the BBB?

prevent the diffusion of some substances from capillary into brain tissue e.g. some antibiotics (nanotechnology may help??)

The Cardiovascular System