The CNS Part II Flashcards
(25 cards)
What is Dementia?
it is a major neurodegenerative disorder
where there is a decline in cognition in one or more cognitive domains
What is Alzheimer Disease (AD)?
It’s when there is Essential neuropathologic changes. Such as Neuritic plaques,
Extracellular deposits of amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides, and neurofibrillary tangles (tau proteins)
What is the pathogenesis of AD?
Amyloid beta peptides (amyloid precursor protein, mutations in presenilin 1 (PSEN1) or presenilin 2 (PSEN2) producing amyloid beta), Tau, and Basis for cognitive impairment
What is a symptoms of AD?
Cardinal clinical symptoms (memory impairment)
What is Parkinson Disease (PD)?
It is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder
What is the pathophysiology of PD?
Dopamine depletion in basal ganglia results in increased inhibition of the thalamus causing bradykinesia, Compensatory mechanisms, excitation resulting in hyperkinetic movement
What is Compensatory Mechanisms in PD?
Compensating for the dopamine depletion during the pre-symptomatic period
What is Multiple Sclerosis (MS)?
It is a heterogeneous disorder with variable clinical and pathologic features,
Demyelination (inflammation) or dysmyelination (genetic disease)
What is the pathogenesis of MS?
Immunopathology (inflammatory immune-mediated disorder, microglia form a complex with the activated T cells), Alternative theories
What are the Patterns of MS?
Clinically isolated syndromes (CIS)
Relapsing-remitting (RR)
Primary progressive (PP)
Secondary progressive (SP)
What is Clinically isolated syndromes (CIS)?
It’s the attack of a disease with inflammatory demyelination but has yet to fulfill MS diagnostic criteria
What is Relapsing-remitting (RR)?
It is full or incomplete recovery
What Is Primary progressive (PP)?
It is a progressive accumulation of disability
What is Secondary progressive (SP)?
It’s initial RR disease course followed by gradual worsening
What is Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)?
it is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that causes muscle weakness
What is the pathology of ALS?
Intracellular inclusions, motor neuron degeneration and death, spinal cord becomes atrophic, muscles show denervation atrophy
What is the list of brain tumors?
Gliomas, Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM), Meningioma, Metastatic Tumors
What is Gilomas?
It is a primary brain tumor, generally affects the cerebrum
What is Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM)?
Glioblastoma is a high-grade glioma, IDH and its link to gliomas, accumulation of the onco-metabolite 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG),
What is Meningioma?
It is a benign tumor, a risk factor is prior radiation therapy
What are clinical features of Meningioma?
headache and weakness in an arm or leg, express progesterone receptors
What is Metastatic Brain Tumors?
most common brain tumor in adults, circulating tumor cells using the bloodstream or lymph system
What are clinical features of Metastatic Brain Tumors?
Headache, Focal neurologic dysfunction, Cognitive dysfunction
What are the clinical features of ALS?
weakness with slowness, hyperreflexia and spasticity (upper motor neuron), weakness, atrophy and fasciculations (lower motor neuron)
