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Immunology. 4. The Complement System. > The Complement Cascade. > Flashcards

The Complement Cascade. Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 pathways that lead to the activation of the compliment system?

A

The alternative (natural) pathway.

The classical (specific) pathway.

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2
Q

How does the alternative pathway activate the complement system?

A

There is contact with a microbial surface.

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3
Q

Is the alternative pathway of the complement system part of the innate or adaptive immune system?

A

The innate immune system.

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4
Q

How does the classical pathway activate the complement system?

A

Via interactions with antibodies IgG or IgM.

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5
Q

Is the classical pathway of the complement system part of the innate or adaptive immune system?

A

It interacts with both the classical and innate immune systems.

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6
Q

When will IGG or IGM antibodies be produced?

A

During almost any immune response.

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7
Q

Will the classical pathway activate the complement system if it is fighting a pathogen that is new to the body?

A

No, as antibodies cannot be made.

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8
Q

Does the alternative pathway need antibodies to activate the complement system?

A

No.

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9
Q

When is the alternative pathway of the complement system active?

A

It is always active at low levels, but during infections it is up-regulated.

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10
Q

Are there any cellular responses in the alternative pathway of the complement system?

A

No.

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11
Q

The lectin pathway is part of what aspect of the complement system?

A

The alternative pathway.

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12
Q

How can the lectin pathway be activated by mannose?

A

When serum lectins from the host bind to mannose on a bacterial cell wall.

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13
Q

What are mannose binding lectins?

A

Serum lectins that bind to mannose.

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14
Q

Why can mannose binding lectins activate the alternative pathway of the complement system?

A

As mannose binding lectin is very similar to C1q which is the enzyme that activates the complement cascade.

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15
Q

What are lectins?

A

A part of the innate immune system and they will always bind to carbohydrates.

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16
Q

What activates the classical pathway of the complement system?

A

Antibodies which are either IgG or IgM.

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17
Q

What region of the antibody binds to a pathogen?

A

The FAB region.

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18
Q

What happens in the classical pathway once the antibody has bound to a pathogen and a complement protein?

A

The antibody activates the compliment protein.

The complement protein disables or kills the microbe.

19
Q

A complement protein binds to what part of an antibody?

A

The FC part.

20
Q

Will IGG or IGM be better at activating the classical pathway of the complement system?

A

IgM is much more efficient at activating the pathway.

21
Q

Why is IGM much more effective at activating the classical pathway of the complement system?

A

As there must be 2 IgG molecules present to activate the compliment system.

22
Q

How does an IGM or 2 IGG antibodies activate the classical pathway of the complement system?

A

They bind to the C1 complex which is the complement protein.

23
Q

What happens in the classical pathway of the complement system when an IGM or 2 IGG antibodies bind to the C1 complex?

A

Other compliment proteins can bind to C1.

24
Q

What happens when the complement proteins bind to the C1 complex?

A

The destruction or opsonisation of the microbe can take place.

25
Q

Will the antibodies that activate the classical pathway be bound to a pathogen?

A

Yes.

26
Q

What are the 2 forms of IGM?

A

The unbound planar form.

The staple bound form.

27
Q

When will the staple form of IGM be formed?

A

When IGM binds to an antibody.

28
Q

What proteins are involved in the compliment cascade?

A

Around 20 proteins which are all activated via proteolysis.

29
Q

What happens once a complement protein is activated by proteolysis?

A

The complement protein can perform its tasks.

The small peptide that is cut off acts as a chemotactic factor to attracts other immune cells.

30
Q

What steps activate the alternative pathway of the complement system?

A

Compliment protein C3 binds to a polysaccharide on the microbe.

It the undergoes proteolysis and is broken into 2 pieces.

One piece acts as a chemotactic fibre.

One piece acts as an opsonin and helps carry out phagocytosis.

31
Q

What names are given to the 2 pieces after complement protein C3 undergoes activation by proteolysis in the alternative pathway of the complement system?

A

C3-A and C3-B.

32
Q

What is the function of C3-A in the alternative pathway of the complement system?

A

It acts as a chemotactic factor.

33
Q

What is the function of C3-B in the alternative pathway of the complement system?

A

It remains bound to the cell surface and acts as an opsonin or can help to carry out phagocytosis.

34
Q

What steps activate the classical pathway of the complement system?

A

Compliment protein C1 binds to an antigen and is cleaved.

The presence of C1 on the antibody attracts other compliment protein C3.

C3 is cleaved into 2 pieces.

1 piece detaches and attracts more compliment proteins.

1 piece forms the membrane attack complex.

35
Q

What names are given to the 2 pieces after complement protein C3 undergoes activation by proteolysis in the classical pathway of the complement system?

A

C3-A and C3-B.

36
Q

What is the function of C3-A in the classical pathway of the complement system?

A

It detaches and attracts more compliment proteins which bind to C3-B.

37
Q

What is the function of C3-B in the classical pathway of the complement system?

A

It binds to other complement proteins and forms the MAC (membrane attack complex).

38
Q

What is the role of the MAC in the classical pathway of the complement system?

A

It allows fluid into the cell and this causes cell lysis.

39
Q

What microbes are particularly susceptible to the complement system?

A

Gram - bacteria.

Enveloped viruses.

Parasites.

Fungi.

40
Q

How has streptococcus developed resistance to the compliment system?

A

They prevent C3-B from attaching to the cell.

41
Q

How do viruses interrupt the compliment cascade?

A

By producing proteins that mimic the bodies proteins which shut down the compliment system.

42
Q

What are the major complement proteins that activate the compliment cascade?

A

C1 and C3.

43
Q

What complement protein activates the alternative pathway?

A

C3.

44
Q

What complement proteins activate the classical pathway?

A

C1 and C3.

Immunology. 4. The Complement System. (2 decks)

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