The Crusades Points Test 4 - The Second Crusade, Origin, Course and Consequences Flashcards
(42 cards)
When did Zangi capture Edessa?
24th December 1144.
Which two cities did Zangi rule before he conquered Edessa?
Mosul and Aleppo.
Which bull by Pope Eugenius III (1st December 1145) call for another crusade?
Quantum Praedecessores (‘The Deeds of our forefathers’).
Who was Quantum Praedecessores addressed to?
Louis VII and his subjects (especially the nobility).
Where and when was the greatest rallying point for the taking of the cross at the start of the 2nd crusade, where Bernard of Clairvaux called upon the king and assembled nobles to take the cross?
Vézelay, 31st March 1146.
What was the clear aim of the crusade, according to the bull?
The Liberation of Edessa.
What were the rewards for participation? Give any 1 point.
Forgiveness for all sins.
Those who died en route would gain same privilege.
Legal protection of church for lands of those who went.
Interest on debts suspended for crusaders too.
Why, by the 1140s, were the deeds of the 1st crusade well known throughout Europe?
Lots of writers chronicling them from eyewitness accounts, Gesta Francorum, Guibert of Nogent, Raymond of Aguilers, Fulcher of Chartres, Robert of Rheimns (primary and secondary accounts).
How did Bernard of Clairvaux help promote the crusade?
Went on extensive 7 month tour to promote it, in low countries, Rhineland, in court of Conrad III of Germany/HRE.
Who were the two kings who led the 2nd Crusade?
Louis VII and Conrad III.
Which two other/linked theatres did the 2nd crusade fight in?
Lisbon and against Wends in Baltic.
What arrangements were made which enabled Conrad to set out on crusade with less fear for the security of his realm?
Assembly at Aachen March 1147 established peace throughout empire, and confirmed his son Henry as successor should Conrad die/Rival Wulf of Barvaria joining crusade.
When did main forces set out to the east?
May/June 1147.
When did the siege of Lisbon begin, and end?
28th June 1147/24th October.
Which three cities, also on Iberian peninsula, did the 2nd crusade attack?
Jaen, Alermia and Tortosa.
When Alfonso IV of Leon-Castile and the Count of Barcelona sought to attack Aleria and Tortosa respectively, which Italian city was offered 1/3 of city in event of successful capture?
Genoa.
Give another name for the Baltic Crusade dimension of 2nd Crusade.
Wendish Crusade.
How did the Papal bull Divini Dispensatione II give further impetus to the Baltic Crusade?
Said that all Baltic Crusaders would get same privileges as those fighting in East.
Why was the integrity of this crusade, partially an attempt by Saxon Nobles/Bishops to gain land, undermined?
Many of places they attacked Christian! (e.g. City of Stettin, hung crosses down from walls).
Why was it decided to take the land route to the east by the 2nd crusade? Give three points.
Offer of taking Roger of Sicily’s ships undermined by enmity between Conrad and him.
Also Byzantines and Sicilians didn’t get along!
Felt best to emulate first crusade.
Who was the Emperor of the Byzantines at this time, and why was he less welcoming to the 2nd crusade than Alexios had been?
Manuel Comnenus/hadn’t asked for one!/feared French-Sicilian Alliance, had to make a treaty with the Seljuks to free up troops to monitor crusaders.
What precautionary Manuel take to defend Constantinople against the 2nd crusade, in case it turned on him?
Fortified Constantinople.
Tried to persuade Eugenius to convince crusade to swear homage to him and be responsible.
Why did the German march near Constantinople experience delay and difficulty?
Hit by flash flood.
When the French army arrived, after the Germans were already across the Bosporus, what did a faction in the army suggest (including the King’s Chaplain, Odo of Deuil?)
To attack/take Constantinople.
