The Development Gap Flashcards

Question

What is malaria ?

Answer 1

A life threatening disease caused by parasites transmitted to people by infected mosquitoes. In 2019, it caused 409,000 deaths, mostly among African children, who account for 90% of malaria deaths worldwide.

Answer 2

Landlocked / poor infrastructure countries may struggle to participate in global trade, leading to slower economic growth.

Answer 3

Developing countries often face higher trade barrier, eg. tariffs, making it harder for them to compete in the global market.

Answer 4

Primary goods have volatile pricing, leading to economic instability. Many developing countries rely on exporting primary commodities, whereas developed countries export manufactured goods with stable prices.

Answer 5

Tend to favour more developed countries, giving them better access to trade markets. This can perpetuate economic disparities.

Answer 6

Countries that attract foreign investment can develop more rapidly, however, investment tends to flow to developed regions, leaving others behind.

Answer 7

Copper in Zambia - Copper accounts for 60% of the total value of exports in Zambia, however, the price fluctuates a lot, making it difficult to forecast income and plan for development projects. Zambia has a HDI of 0.58, classed as low human development.

Answer 8

Large-scale projects with high inputs from governments, global institutions such as IMF and TNCs. Benefits 'trickle down' through the economy to everyone.

Answer 9

Small-scale, community level development. Benefits grow from the bottom ; if people have more money, they will spend more in the local economy and others will benefit too.

Answer 10

Emergency help usually in response to a natural disaster, such as flood or earthquake

Answer 11

Sustainable aid that seeks to improve resilience eg. wells to reduce the effects of drought, or improvements to agriculture.

Answer 12

Richer governments give money to an international organisation such as the World Bank, which then redistributes the money as aid to poorer countries

Answer 13

Aid from one country to another

Answer 14

Aid may be given with certain conditions eg. that the recipient has to spend the aid money on the donor country's products

Answer 15

Money donated by the general public in richer countries and distributed by NGOs such as Oxfam

Answer 16

Taxes paid on imports, making imported goods more expensive and less attractive than home-produced goods

Answer 17

A limit of the quantity of goods that can be imported. Usually applied to primary commodities, affecting poorer countries.

Answer 18

World Trade Organisation, aiming to make trade easier and remove barriers.

Answer 19

Financial support from governments to help pay their farmers. One of the main barriers to trade as rich countries can afford to pay their subsidies and so their products are cheaper than those produces in poorer countries.

Answer 20

Countries that have grouped together to increase the level of trade between them by cutting tariffs and discouraging trade with non-members. Eg. EU, ASEAN, NAFTA

Answer 21

*Encourages trade between member countries *Richer countries cannot shop around for cheaper prices *Members can command a greater share of their market *Members can get higher prices for their goods

Answer 22

When a country or non-governmental organisation donates to another country to help it develop or improve people's lives. It includes money, equipment, food, training, skilled people and loans.

Answer 23

When countries do not charge tariffs and quotas to restrict trade with each other.

Answer 24

About farmers getting a fair price for goods produced in LICs, allowing them to provide for their families and attain a reasonable standard of living.

Answer 25

When countries and TNCs choose to invest money and expertise in LICs to increase their profits. Can involve : *Development of infrastructure *Improvements to harbours and ports *The development of new industries

Answer 26

Cancellation of debts to a country by a global organisation such as the World Bank

Answer 27

Simple, easily learned and maintained technology used in LICs for a range of economic activities. It is appropriate to the needs, skills and knowledge and wealth of local people.

Answer 28

Small-scale financial support available directly from banks.

Answer 29

Goat aid - Oxfam - money donated is used to buy a family in Africa a goat, producing milk, butter and meat. Creates a food source, manure for fertiliser, breeding source for selling, source of income via milk

Answer 30

Divine is the only fairtrade chocolate country which is 44% owned by cocoa farmers. Ugandan cocoa farmers used money from fairtrade farming to pay for son's schooling.

Answer 31

More than 2000 Chinese countries have invested billions of dollars in Africa, in energy, mining and manufacturing. This has led to new roads, bridges, stadiums and other projects being built all over Africa.

Answer 32

Tanzania, who instead used money to import vital food supplies for those affected by drought.

Answer 33

Since the 1970s, Malaysia has been following a programme of industrialisation and has seen a dramatic growth in its wealth. It has used foreign investment to exploit its natural resources and develop a thriving manufacturing sector.

Answer 34

Grameen Bank, Bangladesh - founded to help local people, especially women, use their skills to develop small businesses.

Answer 35

The village of Adis Nifos in northern Ethiopia had a dam built to create a reservoir close to the village's fields. Appropriate machinery and money was provided, and the village provided the labour. Each family was given an area of irrigated land with fruit trees, giving the whole village a permanent food supply.

Answer 36

Multiethnic, multifaith country. This is both a source of strength and conflict. Economic inequalities between the north and south create tensions, with the Boko Haram having a negative impact on economy by reducing investment from abroad and a rise in unemployment. Rapid urbanisation has led to a breakdown in traditional boundaries.

Answer 37

Nigeria became independent from the UK in 1960, but this resulted in a series of dictatorships and civil wars, causing instability and corruption. Nigeria has had a stable government since 1999.

Answer 38

*Sport - won AFCON many times, several PL players *Music - enjoyed across the continent *Cinema - 'Nollywood' is the second largest film industry globally

Answer 39

Natural environments form a series of bands across the country, reflecting the decreasing rainfall towards the north in West Africa Northern Nigeria - semi desert, savannah dominates. Used for cattle and crops. Southern Nigeria - high temp + annual rainfall. Mainly forest with crops like cocoa and palm oil.

Answer 40

*Slow growth *Debt *Based upon range of minerals, agricultural products and manufacturing *Large tourism industry *High unemployment

Answer 41

Tourists pay into local businesses, boosting the economy. Cruise passengers, the majority of visitors, spend a lot less on average than other visitors.

Answer 42

More people needed for the tourism industry, reducing unemployment. May be seasonal and unreliable.

Answer 43

Led to a high level of investment in the main tourist areas. Port facilities have been expanded as have airports and road infrastructure. Some areas remain isolated and not to a high standard.

Answer 44

Wealthy Jamaicans live in high quality areas, eg. Montego Bay, benefitted by tourism. High wealth disparities. Many live in poor housing with little access to services.

Answer 45

Conservation and landscaping projects, nature parks are kept to a high standard for tourists. Littering, damage to marine life, air + noise pollution.

Answer 46

*Contributes over 50% of the country's total foreign exchange earnings *Employs approximately 200,000 locals both directly and indirectly

Answer 47

$1045 or below

Answer 48

$1045-$12735

Answer 49

$12736 or above

Answer 50

*Highest GDP in the continent *Largest population *3rd largest manufacturing sector

Answer 51

*Supplies 2.2% of the world's oil, 15th globally *A major contributor to UN peacekeeping missions *Ranked 27th by GDP

Answer 52

Economic planning and peacekeeping group. In alliance with Niger, Chad, Benin and Cameroon to provide troops.

Answer 53

Trading group made up of West Africa with HQ in Abuja.

Answer 54

Nigeria was recently given an award for it's contribution to UN peacekeeping efforts.

Answer 55

Aims to stabilise the prices of oil and to ensure a regular supply.

Answer 56

Member since 1995. Has supported Nigeria in streamlining its tariff system and promoting free trade.

Answer 57

Development of shale oil has led to a decrease in demand.

Answer 58

36% of population is employed in this sector, with top importers being Vietnam, India and the USA.

Answer 59

Primary products were traditionally the main source of income, however the discovery of oil in the Niger Delta in the 1950s led to a change in economy. Oil accounts for 9% of the GDP as 90% of its exports.

Answer 60

*Information technology is beginning to drive the economy rather than oil *Many people speak English, giving potential for growth in telecommunications *Increased use of telecommunications, allowing the country to benefit from global finance and trade

Answer 61

*Agriculture accounts for 22% of the GDP, steadily declining *Industrial sector accounts for 27%, with the fastest growing industrial sector in Africa *Service sector employs 53% of workers and accounts for 50% of GDP, rapidly growing

Answer 62

*Main export partner *China needs more resources than their own country can provide, so look for resources elsewhere. In 2014, a Chinese corp. invested $10b in drilling a new oilfield in Nigeria *Brings expertise in building infrastructure. In 2014, China Railway Construction corp. won a $12b contract to build a railway along Nigeria's coastline

Answer 63

A transnational corporation is a large company that operates in several countries. A TNC usually has headquarters in one country and production plants in others.

Answer 64

*Tax incentives *Cheap labour *Laxer environmental laws *Access to wider markets

Answer 65

*Presence of crude oil *Large supply of cheap labour *Little competition from Nigerian firms for land, so it's cheaper

Answer 66

*Provides jobs *Taxes can be spent on the local area *Valuable export revenues earned *TNCs can invest in facilities and healthcare

Answer 67

*Economic leakage - revenue doesn't stay in the country *Makes it harder for local businesses to develop *Could exploit workers *Government spends money to attract TNCs, which could be spent on locals instead

Answer 68

*Shell provides direct employment for 2700 people and 9000 contractors, 97% of which are Nigerian *Shell provide 3000 scholarships to secondary schools and universities in Nigeria *Shell is working with the government to build natural gas plants, supporting the growing manufacturing industry *The Shell enterprise 'All On' finances renewable energy projects to provide energy to the 75% of the population not connected to the national power grid

Answer 69

*No access to clean water due to oil spills *No food source due to fish dying from oil *Cancer levels increasing *Murder and torture committed against natives

Answer 70

*No income from fish due to oil spills *Contaminated soil leads to no income from farming *Oil thefts costs billions annually *Profit goes top US rather than Nigeria

Answer 71

*Water pollution from oil *Contaminated soils *Impact on ecosystem and biodiversity

Answer 72

Over 40 separate oil spills, mostly from Shell pipelines in Ogoniland in the River Delta. These have contaminated the land and waterways. Oil contamination in the groundwater is 1000 times higher than allowed by law, making it dangerous and unsafe for consumption.

Answer 73

*Pollutants released get into water supplies and create poor air quality, damaging ecosystems and being harmful to people. 94% of the population is exposed to air pollution levels higher than WHO guidelines. * Desertification is a major problem due to dams being created and stopping water flow *96% of forests have been destroyed through logging, farming, urbanisation and industrial development

Answer 74

*Squatter settlements are common, with poor living conditions and little access to services *Waste disposal is a big issue, with the 40ha Olusoson landfill in Lagos receiving 10,000 tons of rubbish daily *Some greenbelts and recreational areas have been converted into building sites, with natural vegetation being destroyed

Answer 75

*Strict laws to reduce illegal industries *Petroleum Industry Bill will put an end to continued landscape devastation *Stricter waste management *More affordable, permanent housing

Answer 76

*Businesses lack access to regular energy supply *57% of girls attend primary school, 25% attend secondary *Nigeria has 15% of the world's children out of school, 10% of the world's child and maternal deaths

Answer 77

*The UK government has funded a health and HIV programme, providing health education in rural areas *USAID-funded community care provides support packages for orphans and vulnerable children *Nets for Life provides education on malaria prevention and distributes mosquito nets to households

Answer 78

*Government corruption *Donors may have political influence *Money may be used to promote commercial self-interest of the donor

Answer 79

A community development committee was set up to target life threatening diseases among children ; 1000 locals trained, 360000 children under 5 treated

Answer 80

*Land degradation and water pollution due to chemicals *Many species have disappeared, including 500 plant species *Annual rate of deforestation = 400000 hectares per year. Cleared for collection of wood for fuel

Answer 81

*Protests - economic developments in the Niger Delta has caused violent conflicts *Tin mining led to soil erosion and polluted water supplies *Acid rain - Oil spills cause fires, releasing CO2 into the atmosphere, causing a is rain which harms plants and aquatic ecosystems